城镇化水平计算方法比较分析

城镇化是社会经济发展的必然趋势，与小城镇人口、经济实力、社会发展和环境保护等方面密切相关。城镇化判别指标归纳起来分两大类：一类是单一指标法或称主要指标法；另一类是多项指标法、复合指标法或称综合指标法。在常用的、单一指标法的城镇化水平计算方法中，城镇人口比重指标法和带眷系数法两种方法能够比较准确地反映小城镇的城镇化水平，尤其以城镇人口比重指标法计算结果最符合实际。     

云南省岩溶地区石漠化草原现状及分区保护与修复策略

据最新调查数据,云南省石漠化草原主要分布于曲靖、昆明、红河等5个州( 市),总面积 37.97 万hm²,占岩溶土地面积的3.53%,其分布最广的海拔区间为1 500~2 500 m,占比47.85%, 基岩裸露度分布区间为30%~94%,以植被盖度为10%~19%的分布区间面积最广,占比37.85%, 绝大部分分布于土层薄甚至极薄区域,占比达92.10%。根据石漠化草原空间分布特征,在充分衔 接各大生态保护和修复工程建设规划基础上,统筹考虑岩溶生态系统的完整性、地理单元的连续性 和经济社会发展的可持续性,将云南省石漠化草原区划为6个分区,分区阐述石漠化草原生态保护 与修复策略。     

农产品冷链物流高质量发展水平评价及障碍度分析

推动冷链物流高质量发展,对减少农产品产后损失、扩大消费品优质供给、保障食品安全有重要作用。基于我国2012-2021年统计数据,构建了包括经济基础、物流发展、冷链运营、开放创新、绿色协调5个一级指标及21个二级指标的农产品冷链物流高质量发展评价指标体系,利用熵值法确定各指标的权重,综合评价指数确定得分水平,借助障碍度模型分析发展障碍因子。结果显示：我国农产品冷链物流高质量发展水平总体呈上升趋势且增速较快,到2021年水平值达到0.85,是初始状态的近13倍,其中开放创新水平的贡献度最高;阻碍高质量发展的障碍因素在2017年之前为开放创新水平,之后则是绿色协调水平。为进一步提高我国农产品冷链物流高质量发展水平,需要充分利用国内外两个市场、促进产业协同、发展绿色低碳物流。     

A Severe Hellenic CMV Tomato Isolate: Symptom Variability in Tobacco, Characterization and Discrimination of Variants

A severe strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) originating from an infected tomato plant (Gastouni-Olympia, Greece) was isolated in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc), after three serial local lesion passages in Chenopodium quinoa and designated CMV-G. CMV-G induces yellow mosaic (YM) symptoms in tobacco. When CMV-G was passed mechanically through C. quinoa, phenotypic variants inducing YM or green mild mosaic (MM) in tobacco were isolated. Aphid transmission, from different hosts, appears to be an effective approach for separating MM variants of CMV-G from YM variants. In particular, aphid transmission from zucchini proved to be very efficient in selecting for MM variants. In contrast, aphids transmitted only YM variants from tomato plants. Molecular characterization of CMV-G and its progeny resulted in their classification in the CMV subgroup IB, free of satellite RNA, being the first discovery of the subgroup IB in Greece. In the Solanaceae family (tobacco, tomato, pepper) YM variants induced more severe symptoms than the MM variants. YM and MM phenotype was stable in tobacco for all seven passages tried using the obtained YM and MM variants. Cross-protection experiments showed that an isolated MM variant was able to protect tobacco plants against a challenge infection by a YM variant.     

Problems of implementing compulsory integrated pest management

Compulsory integrated pest management poses a number of challenges and issues for debate. Some of are discussed with reference to European Union requirements set out in Annex III of Directive 128/2009. Requirements on the use of plant protection products bring with them problems with dose reduction in the light of a resistance prevention strategy, the lack of threshold levels, the necessity of chemical treatments and the limited availability of effective products of biological origin. Use of preventive measures of pest control faces barriers related to profitability and a lack of knowledge on the part of farmers. Challenges to control the system, as well as the fact that some legally enforced rules are not suitable for all crops, seem also to be an issue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

简论我国施药技术的发展趋势

环境安全和食品安全已引起世界各国的高度重视,我国政府在全面建设小康社会的同时,已把治理农业环 境、发展可持续农业列入重要的议事日程。本文试图从施药技术的3个方面--药械、农药、施药方法来探讨我 国施药技术的发展趋势,并提出了作者的一些观点,力图为我国施药技术的发展提供一些参考依据。     

农田灌溉模式下塔里木河流域地下水水位的变化分析──以塔里木河上游为例

根据1997、2000年的监测资料,分析了塔里木河上游地下水水位的时空变化,反映了不同的土地利用方式对地下水水位的影响。在农田灌溉模式下,在垂直河道方向上地下水水位的变化受到塔里木河干流水位、农田灌溉和潜水蒸发的影响。沿河道的横切方向上地下水位的变化与距河道距离成正相关,但具有明显的滞后反应,其滞后时间随垂直河道的距离增加而增加。干流水位明显影响地下水的范围为3.5km。农田灌水使地下水水位在3、11月份明显抬升,也在7月份时对地下水水位产生影响,使其抬升。潜水蒸发量随地下水水位的升高而增加,使地下水水位变化趋于缓和。     

不同水平铜对小鼠营养与免疫功能的影响

试验选用19～20日龄昆明普通级小鼠108只,低铜饲养20d后,随机分成3组,每组设3个重复,每重复4只。1组饲喂以大豆分离蛋白-玉米淀粉为主的基础饲粮作为对照;2、3组饲粮中分别加入4.5mg/kg和45mg/kg的硫酸铜以铜计,测定小鼠组织器官中铜浓度及部分免疫学指标,以研究不同水平铜对小鼠营养和免疫功能的影响。     

Assessment of microbial biocontrol agent (BCA) viability to mechanical and thermal stress by simulating spray application conditions

Background

In order to improve the biological control agent (BCA) efficacy, stress factors threatening the viability of microorganisms during spray application need to be determined. The effect of spray mixture temperature and exposure time on Trichoderma harzianum T 22 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 viability were tested. Concurrently the combined effect of mechanical and thermal stress effect on BCA viability were tested at two initial spray mixture temperatures (14 and 25 °C) by simulating a spray application using airblast sprayers featured by different tank capacity and a spray liquid circuit (without and with hydraulic agitation system). To assess the BCA microorganism viability, spray mixture samples were collected at time intervals along trials and plated to count the colony forming units (CFU).

Results

The critical temperature threshold that inhibited BCA viability was 35 °C with 30 min of exposure. The sprayer type, the initial temperature of the spray mixture and the temperature increment during the trials significantly decreased the number of CFU recovered. When simulating a spray application, the spray mixture temperature increase rate was determined mainly by the residual amount of spray mixture in the tank. Even if the tank capacity does not substantially affect the final temperature reached by the spray mixture, the higher residual spray mixture in bigger tanks can expose the BCAs for a longer time to critical temperatures.

Conclusions

Experimental trials allowed us to identify the effect of factors affecting the viability of tested BCAs, providing information about the actual chance to guarantee the biological efficacy of BCA treatments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

基于地统计的额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深空间异质性研究

利用地统计学方法定量研究了额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深的空间异质性.结果表明:额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深分布有较大的空间异质性,地下水位埋深的理论模型为球体模型;额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深主要受结构性因子的影响;地下水位埋深的变程在22.6km左右.地下水位埋深的空间分布总体上表现为从南到北,从西向东逐渐增大的分布格局.局部分布上,...