医疗器械行政处罚裁量权研究

当前医疗器械处罚自由裁量存在一些亟需解决的问题，这些问题的产生有自由裁量权法律设置上的，有执法主体方面的，有自由裁量内外部环境方面的。针对上述问题，需要从抽象和具体两个方面着手加强医疗器械行政处罚自由裁量权建设。所谓抽象，就是要就加强医疗器械行政处罚自由裁量建设设立总的原则和方向。所谓具体，就是要从具体的法律法规的完善、医疗器械行政处罚主体建设、行政执法环境建设等方面着手。     

谭新华教授治疗勃起功能障碍经验

谭新华教授对勃起功能障碍的病因病机认识、病证表现、证候分型、治疗方法方面都有独特的见解和心得,认为“房劳伤肾”是本病的基本病因病机;将本病分为肾阳虚衰、肾精亏损、心脾两虚、肝气郁结、惊恐伤肾、瘀血阻络、湿热下注7种基本类型;临床治疗病证结合,随证遣方,随症用药,中西结合,多法活用。     

Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.     

崔文成教授运用引火归元法治疗小儿长期发热经验举隅

介绍崔文成教授运用引火归元法治疗小儿长期发热经验。崔文成教授认为小儿在生长发育之际,真水未旺,肾精易亏损,治疗小儿长期发热应基于小儿生理、病理特点,治宜填精益髓、引火归元,常用引火地黄汤、滋水清肝酸枣方。临床中采用引火归元法治疗小儿长期发热疾病获满意疗效。     

国医大师张学文辨治脑萎缩经验

国医大师张学文认为脑萎缩的中医病机主要是肾虚血瘀、气虚血瘀、颅脑水瘀导致脑髓失于精血濡养,脑髓不健。髓海不足和脑髓不健是本,脑络痹阻、清阳不升、浊气不降是标,本病往往虚实夹杂,纯虚者少,虚中夹实者多。宜滋肾荣脑,治当补气和血、祛瘀利水、解郁化痰、益肾活血。     

Theoretical Contour Line of Reinforcement Bar of Non uniform Corrosion

Most of the previous studies on corrosion of the steel bar in reinforced concrete structures is based on the assumption that the bar is uniformly corroded. The actual measurement in projects proved that most of the reinforcement bar is in non uniform corrosion state. Based on electrochemical principles of metal corrosion and combined with the real corrosion course of the bar in concrete structures, a theoretical model of the contour line of reinforcement bar due to non uniform corrosion is established, through deducing the speed of corrosion and theoretical corrosion penetration and volume changes due to corrosion of reinforcement in general air at different position and different time. At the same time, the model is verified with the results from relative references and measured data.     

小鼠脊髓挫伤型损伤后caspase-3、bax、bcl-2和c-kit基因的表达

为揭示凋亡相关基因和c-kit基因在脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后的相互关系,利用RT-PCR和免疫组化技术,分别检测了caspase-3、bax、bcl-2、c-kit的mRNA和蛋白在小鼠脊髓损伤后的表达。结果显示:在SCI后4 h开始出现大量的神经元和胶质细胞凋亡,其中促凋亡因子表达增加,而抑制凋亡因子表达量减少。caspase-3的mRNA和蛋白的表达在SCI后开始增加,并在72 h时达到峰值,bax表达规律与之基本一致,但是其峰值出现在24 h。随着时间的变化,bcl-2与c-kit的表达均表现为升高—降低—升高的变化趋势,与caspase-3和bax的变化趋势相反,且其调控作用均发生在caspase-3之前。此外,SCI后c-kit基因也呈现抑制凋亡的作用。表明:损伤是导致脊髓发生凋亡的因素之一;bcl-2是凋亡抑制因子,与bax共同控制细胞凋亡,并直接作用于下游caspase-3的表达。     

欧盟木材法案对林产品国际贸易的影响及中国应对策略

欧盟木材法案的确立,对国际林产品贸易环境产生了重大变化,必将对全世界特别是中国林产品出口产生深远影响。本文简述了欧盟木材法案的发展历程,认为木材法案是国际社会打击非法采伐的必然结果。剖析了木材法案的内容,并比较了雷斯法案与木材法案的异同。探讨了木材法案对国际林产品贸易特别是中国林产品出口贸易的正反两方面影响:短期内,木材法案的实施会造成市场准入障碍、影响国际林产品出口贸易,但长期看,木材法案可促进世界森林资源保护和推动全球生态环境改善、提高合法木材的国际竞争力,并优化木材产品国际贸易条件。提出了构建与欧盟之间的自愿伙伴关系、实现国内外森林认证标准的互认、建立行业协调机制和加强木材供应链管理等中国应对欧盟木材法案的战略措施。     

Soil-cement tiles for lining irrigation canals

Laboratory flume test was conducted to investigate the effect of flowing water an soil-cement canal tiles. For this purpose, soil-cement tiles were constructed from different soils at various cement contents. A flume, 3 metre long and 100 mm wide, was lined with the tiles and the lined bed was subjected to flow velocities of around 2 m/s for a period of 7 days. The tiles made from coarse-textured soil (sandy loam and silt loam) aggregates of 5 mm and from fine textured soil (clay loam) aggregates of 2 mm size were found to be intact and smooth even when constructed at a cement contents lower than that needed to meet the durability requirements.Attempts were also made to measure seepage losses of soil-cement tile linings. A channel section of approximately 1 metre length with a side slope of 1:1 was constructed in the laboratory with the tiles and seepage losses measured by the ponding method were found to be in the range of 0.00123–0.00343 m³/m²/day.The results clearly suggest that soil-cement tiles (irrespective of type of soil) made with 2 mm or less size of soil aggregates are erosion resistant and due to very little or negligible rates of seepage losses, the soil-cement tile lining of irrigation canals is expected to be very promising especially in the areas where irrigation water is costly.