制度变迁与制度绩效：来自中国农地的分析

制度经济学的理论可以用来分析中国农地制度变迁及其绩效。寻求最佳的绩效一直是制度变迁的终极目标。50多年来中国农地制度变迁一直在实践着一种效率更高的制度对另一种制度的替代。中国未来农地制度的变迁必须遵循土地产权制度安排的稳定性和资源最佳配置效应原则、激励机制健全原则、农地制度安排的渐进式原则和农村社会保障体系健全原则。     

河北坝上地区可持续发展的创新思路

坝上地区可持续发展应充分考虑我国经济发展的现状和其所处的大北京地区的重要区位,以全球变化为背景,以持续发展理论为先导,大胆更新观念,形成一套创新制度:建设“人控环境”,实施“大范围搞生态重建,小区域搞集约生产”制度;城市化与产业化相结合,采取“鼓励农业人口转化为非农业人口,以产业化带动城市化”的积极的城市化制度;沙漠化防治与治贫治愚相结合,采取“治愚-治沙-产权-受益”制度;确立产权制度和相应利益分配机制,对口支援与生态效益转移收费制度;生物技术与工程技术相结合,制定鼓励科技创新制度。     

对农村老年人口养老的主要问题分析

目前农村老年人养老现状不容乐观.家庭养老功能弱化,社区养老机制滞后,社会福利、政府救济和低保投入严重不足等,导致绝大多数农村老年人处在家庭边缘和社会保障体系之外.     

Impacts of Institutional Reforms on Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan

Poor functioning of theirrigation system in Pakistan has been asource of concern for the last few decades,during which time it has been the subject ofconsiderable external assistance andinternal policy reforms. Consequently, thegovernment of Pakistan introducedinstitutional restructuring in irrigationand drainage subsectors to impartnecessary improvements. Under thesereforms, management at secondary canallevel has recently been handed over to theFarmers Organizations (FOs) of selecteddistributaries in pilot areas. This studywas designed to evaluate a farmer-manageddistributary in southern Punjab. Fieldmeasurements revealed that hydraulicaspects of the irrigation service deliveredby the FO management has been significantlyimproved and as a result highlyproportionate and equitable waterdistribution was observed, particularly atthe tail reaches of the distributary. Dueto effective FO management farmers'interventions to increase the outletdischarge by illegal means has been almosteradicated. As a result of theseimprovements imparted by the FO in systemmanagement, the extent of irrigated area hasincreased on average by 6 to 7%, evenunder severe drought-like conditionsprevailing in the country during recentyears. Further cost recoveries haveincreased by an amount of 14% for summerand 23% for winter growing seasons,respectively, from the irrigated area of thedistributary. Thus experience from Hakra4-R distributary has shown that even underundesirable natural circumstancesIrrigation Management Transfer (IMT) wasquite effective in achieving the keytargets of the institutional reformslaunched at pilot scale in the country.     

Farmers' perception on self created water management rules in a pioneer scheme: The mula irrigation scheme, India

During the past two decades with farmer participation in irrigation management moving to center stage, the traditional view of having a centralized control over the water resources for better management has changed. Nevertheless, success of irrigation management transfer depend on a whole set of institutional arrangements or the rules-in-use and the willingness of the users to comply and enforce and/or change the rules in the light of changing circumstances. There are many institutional analyses of water sector, much of them touch on law, policy and administration, and characteristics of the users. The present paper is based on the study carried out to examine the institutional arrangements in one of the water users association that was first in the Maharashtra state. It focuses on the institutional arrangements governing water use and distribution and attempts to elicit the perceptions of the members regarding the rules-in-use. The findings reveal that the WUA has been successful in devising and enforcing the rules for water distribution, fee collection and conflict resolution for over a decade. However, current socio-economic developments such as political heterogeneity have required explicit conflict resolution mechanisms. These issues have now become issues demanding immediate attention and may be use of existing courts or legal institutions to help the WUA sustain in future.     

Introduction of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in Indonesia: Institutional development in action for resources management

The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works) - EOM Efficient Operation and Maintenance - Gabungan group of WUAs - IPAIR Indonesian abbreviation for ISF - ISF Irrigation Service Fee - Juru gate keeper - PBB land tax on irrigated lands - PPL agricultural field extension agent - P3A Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations - PU Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works - SM Special Maintenance - WUA Water Users Associations     

试论我国公共资源治理的制度供给改革——以农业生物遗传资源治理为例

遗传资源是现代生物技术发展不可或缺的战略资源.近年来,我国农业遗传资源面临着生物多样性退化、生物海盗剽窃、育种材料奇缺、遗传资源开发程度低等现实问题.公共资源的公共性、稀缺性、非排他性、效用综合性等决定公共资源治理中的实时多元化制度需求,如果社会缺乏灵活高效的制度变迁机制,由此带来的有效制度供给不足,必然最终导致公共资...     

我国农业可持续发展研究热点浅析

农业可持续发展是我国农业经济研究领域的热点之一.国内对农业可持续发展的研究主要集中于理论构架、模式、路径选择、支撑体系及区域农业等发展方面.推进农业可持续发展需要全面协调资源、环境、经济、社会各子系统,需要政府的职能转变和政策支持,根本出路在于技术创新和制度创新,同时指出今后研究的重点方向.     

农业机械化主要制约因素的制度创新研究

农业机械化是农业现代化建设的重要内容，其发展受很多因素的影响和制约。其中，耕地规模化经营是农机化发展的必要条件，资金投入是农机化发展的财政基础，农村剩余劳动力转移规模是农机化发展的客观前提。为此，在广泛研究国内外文献资料的基础上，提出了土地、资金和劳动力转移制度创新的建议和对策。     

再论“藏粮于技”战略：内涵辨识、理论支撑与未来取向

“两藏”战略是中国粮食安全的根本之策。为梳理“藏粮于技”概念缘起和内涵,以马克思主义科技观、技术创新与技术变迁理论、制度与技术的关系为理论基础,分析了“藏粮于技”战略的理论逻辑和内涵演变。结果表明：1）“藏粮于技”是中国共产党马克思主义科技观的重要实践,其制度创新与技术创新双向互促特色鲜明。2）“藏”的内涵包括市场和产量调控、完善粮食市场体系和价格形成机制,建立精准、科学合理的粮食调控体系,并解决粮食安全、生态安全、食品安全、农民增收等可持续问题。3）“技”的内容扩展为全要素、全产业链、多学科技术集成和应用,技术扩散呈现多主体交互、反馈,农业技术与数字技术融合发展。本研究从科技自强自立、摆脱路径依赖、内涵式发展道路和创新体系效能4个方面提出对策建议,为进一步明确“藏粮于技”战略未来取向和实现路径提供了决策参考。