A Comparative Study of Confined Concrete Models under Cyclic Loading

In this paper,four models are selected as the representatives and applied to nonlinear dynamic analysis program for space frames which is based on the beam-column elements using the finite element flexibility method and the fiber model.Park's test on combined axial and bending columns under cyclic loading are taken as the calibrations,comparisons to material and structural member level are drawn and the analytical results of various models are discussed.     

应用TDR对土壤含水率及土壤冻结融解深的计测

运用 TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry)计测土壤含水量 ,80年代以来就受到了瞩目 ,到今天为止TDR方法在土壤盐分浓度 ,浸润面深度 ,冻结融解面深度等许多领域得到广泛应用。为了确认在运用 TDR方法进行土壤含水率测定时介电常数 ε与含水率 θ之间的关系曲线的滞后现象的有无 ,以及确认运用 TDR方法计测土壤冻结融解面深度的有效性 ,进行了一系列的实验。实验证明 ,在运用 TDR方法进行土壤含水率测定时介电常数ε与含水率θ之间的标定曲线中没有出现滞后现象 ,运用 TDR方法计测土壤冻结融解面深度不论在室内实验还是在田间实验中都很有效 ,并取得了较高的精度。     

不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应

采用淹灌、间歇灌2种灌溉模式与不施氮肥、含氮复合肥、缓控释氮肥、有机无机氮肥4种施肥模式配成8个处理开展水稻种植田间试验,研究了不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应。结果表明:指数模型能较好地描述不同灌溉施肥模式下的土壤收缩过程与土壤膨胀过程;各模式下土壤干缩特征曲线与湿胀特征曲线指数模型中的a值(干土的比容积,即干土体积质量的倒数)和b值(单位含水量变化时土壤比容积变化的自然对数单位值)存在差异;土壤干缩曲线与湿胀曲线不完全重合,二者的b值及其差异也不同,存在滞后现象;土壤湿胀干缩效应受多种土壤性质的影响,其中主要通过土壤孔隙结构与持水性质的影响体现。     

用毛细吸渗原理快速测量土壤田间持水量的研究

田间持水量是衡量田间土壤保持水分能力的重要指标，视为对作物有效的土壤水分的上限，对农田灌溉和作物水分管理具有十分重要意义。该研究提出了能快速测量土壤田间持水量的新型毛细吸渗法。该方法以田间持水量为无地下水影响下土壤基质所能吸持的最大含水量为物理基础，设计了一套满足田间持水量要求的实验方法、装置和程序，采用5种不同土壤测量了其田间持水量，并与用威尔科克斯法测量得到的田间持水量进行了对比。结果表明：所提出的新型测量方法，无论是基本原理还是室内试验均可行。与威尔科克斯法相比，其测量值略微偏小；两种测量值相关性很好，相差约为9％，产生这种现象的原因主要是土壤的吸湿过程与脱湿过程中土壤含水率的滞后所致。与传统的测量方法相比，该方法可大大缩短测量时间，具有利用前景。     

Relationship between effective solar radiation and sap flow process during an entire growing season in Western Mountains of Beijing

In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity (SFV) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation (ESR) and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe (TDP) system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5–3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied con-siderably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabu-laeformis were about 0–3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR (sunrise effect). Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized.     

植物抗冻蛋白及其高级结构研究进展

抗冻蛋白是一类能控制冰晶生长和抑制冰晶之间发生重结晶的蛋白质．并具有两种明显不同的活性——热滞活性和重结晶抑制活性．植物抗冻蛋白的抗冻特性是低热滞活性和高重结晶抑制活性．植物抗冻蛋白虽然在DNA和氨基酸水平上具有较大的差异-几乎没有同源性，但却拥有相似的高级结构．冰晶结合位点也有一定的相似性．而且都可以通过“表面互补”模型较好地解释它们与冰晶之间的相互作用．全面介绍了植物抗冻蛋白的种类及特性，以及它们的高级结构和冰晶结合位点．     

Selenium desorption from Ca‐Kaolinite

Abstract

Toxic selenium (Se) concentrations were found recently in shallow groundwater in the west side of the San Joaquin Valley in California. The objective of the present work was to evaluate whether excessive leaching, variations in pH, and the presence of competing ions may contribute to Se solubilization and accumulation in the drainage water.

Selenium desorption from a Ca‐Kaolinite suspension deviated considerably from the corresponding adsorption isotherm. Raising the suspension pH from 5.6 to 8.7 resulted in the release of all the Se present in the system into the solution phase. Decreasing the pH from 5.6 to 3.6, reduced Se and Se concentrations in the solution by a factor of 3 and 2, respectively. When adding P at a 10:1 P‐to‐total Se molar ratio, Se and Se concentrations in the solution increased from 1.5 to 2.3 and from 2.4 to 2.6 pM, respectivley. Sulfate ions at the same, or higher, molar ratios had no apparent effect on Se solubilization.     

Plant antifreeze proteins and their expression regulatory mechanism

Low temperature is one of the major limiting environmental factors which constitutes the growth, development,productivity and distribution of plants. Over the past several years, the proteins and genes associated with freezing resistance of plants have been widely studied. The recent progress of domestic and foreign research on plant antifreeze proteins and the identification and characterization of plant antifreeze protein genes, especially on expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are reviewed in this paper. Finally, some unsolved problems and the trend of research in physiological functions and gene expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are discussed.     

磁性多层膜的磁化过程的一种唯象理论研究

计算了磁性多层膜的静磁自由能，采用绝对能量极小模型，导出了磁相变方程，获得了磁相图和磁滞回线．结合局域能量极小模型所得到的磁相图和磁滞回线，讨论了实验上所得到的磁滞回线．     

含蜡原油触变性测试方法

现有触变性测试方法(加载方式)包括恒剪切率、剪切率阶跃、控制剪切率滞回环、剪应力阶跃以及控制剪应力滞回环等。利用这些方法对同一条件下含蜡原油的触变性进行测试,并利用Houska触变模型和双结构参数触变模型进行拟合。利用一种方法测试数据拟合出的触变参数对其他测试方法加载条件下的应力进行预测,依据预测结果与实测值的吻合程度,对测试方法进行评价。结果表明:无论采用何种测试方法,利用剪切率高的加载条件得到的实验数据拟合的触变参数,均可成功地对较低剪切率加载条件下的应力进行预测,反之则会出现结构参数为负值进而导致预测失败的情况;利用同一测试方法的多组实验数据共同拟合触变参数,可以提高对其他加载方式下应力的预测值与实测值的吻合程度。