Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

HUDACAPP— 一种工艺规程自动设计系统

本文介绍浦沅工程机械总厂准柔性制造系统(P-FMS)中加工箱体零件所用的一个工艺规程自动设计系统—HUDACAPP,阐述了系统的原理、结构和实现.给出了实例.本系统能按零件输入信息自动生成工艺过程,选择机床、夹具、刀具、量具、切削参数以及计算工时,并能与P-FMS的实时管理调度软件联接,提供所需的资料.     

一种新的基于图像处理的作物叶面积测量方法

以数字图像处理技术为基础,提出一种简化、高精度的作物叶面积测量方案,对从扫描仪获得的含有参照边框和叶片影像的图像进行分析处理,不仅简化了业务流程,还大大提高了测量的精度,应用于作物叶面积的测量计算,获得十分满意的结果。     

永丰县木本粮食植物资源

介绍永丰县山林中木本粮食植物资源。     

盐阳离子类型对红壤裂缝开闭规律的影响

为了探究灌溉水中盐离子浓度及类型对土壤裂缝变化过程的影响,为南方灌溉用水安全提供数据理论支持,采用蒸馏水配置15.0,10.0,5.0和2.5 g/L等4个质量浓度梯度的NaCl,KCl,CaCl2和MgCl2等4种类型溶液,分别浸泡南方亚热带地区的典型红壤,并且采用恒温蒸发模拟干燥过程和喷湿法模拟增湿过程,结合数字图...     

基于强化推流工艺(PFR)的餐厨垃圾堆肥微生物群落结构解析

传统餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥周期长,系统难以稳定连续运行,其中反应器构型和微生物在其处理过程中起到关键作用,但是目前对实际运行条件下的反应器内微生物群落结构的研究较少。通过分析实际运行项目中微生物的多样性与群落结构,为进一步优化餐厨垃圾处理工艺,促进PFR反应器系统的稳定和高效运行,挖掘特定功能微生物,提高资源利用效率提供科学依据。该研究采集德清县11个项目的出料样品,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,研究其菌群组成、丰度、优势菌群及其相关性。结果表明:1)11个项目的微生物群落组成相似,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是相对丰度最高的2个菌门,优势菌属为微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium)乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus),柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas); 2)底物越丰富,进料量越小,越有利于出料的品质; 3)出料感官品质高,微生物多样性也较高; 4)在OTU水平上,葡萄球菌属与芽孢杆菌属、根瘤菌属均呈负相关,葡萄球菌的迅速增殖抑制了对发酵...     

西汉时期西北地区农业开发的自然灾害背景

西汉时期是中国历史上西北开发的关键时期,尤其是汉武帝一朝,西北开发功勋卓著。在西汉时期大规模开发西北的决策过程中,政治、经济、军事等方面的因素发挥了重要的影响作用,但是自然灾害对西北开发的影响作用也不容忽视。西汉时期严峻的灾害形势对关中和山东农区造成了重大破坏作用,国家粮食安全岌岌可危。出于化解灾害风险的现实需要,西汉王朝不得不以战争的手段解决北部匈奴问题,依靠农业生产扩大西北地区耕地面积,移民实边。经过两百年的刻苦经营,西汉时期终于奠定了西北农业生产的基本格局,关中、河套、河西、河湟主要农业生产区全面形成,中国传统农业阶段第一个人口高峰出现并维持了一千多年之久。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

转基因食品的检测方法

目前，世界各国对转基因食品的检测主要从外源DNA和蛋白两种生物大分子入手，所广泛采用的方法有聚合酶链式反应（PCR）、生物芯片技术（Biochips)、酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）和侧流技术（Lateral Flow)。本文综述了各种方法的原理以及这些方法用于检测转基因食品时的优缺点。     

Mechanism of Chinese processing in patients with Broca aphasia

AIM: To explore the mechanism of Chinese processing in patients with Broca aphasia so as to offering accordance for speech rehabilitation. METHODS: The test of orthographic, semantic information and phonological were conducted. The scores in each group with Chi-square test in patients were compared to those in 10 normal people. RESULTS: No significant difference between two groups in the vocabulary identification and in the vocabulary identification from homophony (P>0.05) was observed (P>0.05). There was significant difference in the identification picture from vocabularies, the identification vocabulary from pictures and the vocabulary identification from sound (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The patient with Broca aphasia is independent in the course of the orthographic input, and the ability to retrieve semantic information from orthographic activation word may not affected by phonological lexicon.