Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability

As field sampling is time consuming, it is necessary to develop efficient sampling techniques to obtain accurate estimates of the weed seedbank in soil. The relative efficiency between sampling schemes depends on the spatial variability in weed seed density across agricultural fields. Spatial variability of the weed seed density was characterized by theoretical correlograms. A systematic sampling (square grill) scheme was considered and it was found that, taking into account spatial variability, this sampling scheme was more efficient than simple random sampling. As a result, the sample size can be reduced in comparison with that given in previous studies, where spatial correlation was ignored. The reduction depends on the correlation structure defined as a function of the ratio, τ, between the nugget effect and the sill of the variogram. The maximum reduction of the sample size, without loss of either precision or confidence level corresponds to the case where there is no nugget effect, τ = 0. The opposite extreme case, where the reduction is nil, corresponds to the case of a pure nugget effect τ = 1. The abaci based on given expressions are provided to determine the sample size in species whose spatial pattern can be fitted either to a Poisson or to a negative binomial distribution.     

珠江三角洲典型区农业土壤铬的空间结构及分布特征

通过对东莞市118处农业表层土壤和5处典型土壤纵剖面的取样调查,利用常规统计学和地统计学方法研究了土壤中铬的空间结构和分布特征。结果显示,东莞市农业土壤铬含量为2．28～94．98mg·kg^-1,平均值为44．90mg·kg^-1,略高于东莞市背景值;铬的空间结构表现为明显的几何各向异性,各向异性比约为1．8,长、短轴分别在103°和13°方向;指数模型对于实验变异函数的拟合效果较好,变异函数表现出明显的块金效应,块金值在基台值中所占的比例约为34％,表明东莞市农业土壤中铬具有较强的空间相关性;铬的空间分布具有明显西部高、东部低的地域特征,其空间分布主要受成土母质和地形的控制,铬主要来源于成土母质,另外人为活动对铬的空间分布也有显著的影响。     

基于变异函数的云南县域经济空间变异研究

从云南省县域经济的人均国内生产总值入手,在云南省129个县2000～2007年人均GDP及人均纯收入数据与空间地理位置坐标的基础上,运用变异函数的理论和方法,计算县域经济相关指标的变异函数,并根据相关方法拟合成球状模型的变异函数,最后结合云南县域的情况和变异函数图进行分析,为云南县域经济的发展提供支持。     

基于变异函数的油松毛虫虫情监测点布点方法研究

通过变异函数工具研究了喀左县油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis发生的空间异质特征。变异分析表明:喀左县油松毛虫发生变异函数的理论模型符合球状模型,空间变异受结构因子(C)的影响占98%,受随机因子(C0)的影响占2%,确定性因素对空间异质性的影响远大于随机因素,其变异具有强烈的空间相关性。油松毛虫发生程度最大相关距离为7.98 km。每40.7 km2设1个监测样点,"品"字型均匀布设,基本能满足油松毛虫发生分布估计要求。     

Soil carbon change across ten New South Wales farms under different farm management regimes in Australia

This paper examines the potential influence of soil management and land use on soil carbon on cropping farms in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Soil organic carbon (SOC) data from ten farms spatially distributed across NSW were examined on two occasions. Soil cores to a depth 0–30 cm were measured for SOC and, as expected, SOC in the A horizon (1.16%) was significantly (p < .001) greater than in the B horizon (0.74%) of all profiles. Analysis of the 2013 and 2015 SOC data indicated that in many ways, the results runs counter to other SOC studies in Australia. Importantly, the mean SOC concentration in these agricultural soils was significantly (p < .001) less under cropping (2013-1.05%, 2015-0.97%) than in native sites (2013-1.20%, 2015-1.16%). Out of the total of 35 sites sampled from 10 farms, SOC in 49% of sites did not change significantly over 2 years, in 17% it increased significantly, whereas in 34% it decreased. Further, a clear implication of drought on SOC was seen on sites that were uncropped based on a critical value for a 95% confidence interval (p < .05) and complemented by the significant correlation (p < .05) between average annual precipitation deficit (ANPD) and SOC across the state with R² = 0.39. The mean SOC was found to be directly proportional to standard deviation and standard error. In terms of spatial variability, the C0 (nugget) value was greatest for farms with a large mean SOC and the average variogram in this study has a range of approximately 200 m which is potentially useful in determining sampling spacing for soil carbon auditing purpose. Similar empirical data over more years are required to better estimate SOC levels and to determine whether at a farm scale, factors such as land management, land use and climate can be related to soil carbon change and variability.     

云南水稻水分敏感指标空间变异规律研究

 利用云南水稻多年平均水分敏感指标数据,以地统计学作为理论工具，在地理信息系统软件平台上，对云南水稻水分敏感指标进行了空间变异规律分析，并优选出插值模型。研究表明：云南水稻多年平均水分敏感指标变异函数以普通克里金球状模型拟合最优、80.5度方向变程最大、插值模型以普通克里金球状模型插值精度较高。     

基于地质统计学影像纹理的石河子地区化控期棉花长势监测

化学调控是棉花生长期间的一个重要环节,在较大区域尺度上,化控常常整齐划一,依固定的量而行,忽视其普遍存在的空间差异,结果导致某些棉田投入过量或投入不足,在精细农业所倡导的基于特定场的农业投入这一框架下,为辅助决策者制定有针对性的棉田化控方案,该文提出了应用地质统计学影像纹理进行对化控棉花长势监测,通过借助地质统计学方法在分析空间结构变化上的优势,强化遥感影像上不同长势棉田间的差别,提高样本选择的分离度和长势空间分类精度。实验结果表明,运用变异函数纹理结合光谱波段的最大似然分类方法能够很好地界定棉花长势的不同类型,总分类精度达90.53%,证明了应用地质统计学影像纹理方法在针对化控的棉花长势监测上的有效性。     

遥感数据结合地统计学方法在林业中的应用

在林业研究中,具有空间属性的林业数据分析、建模和预测越来越受到关注。遥感技术与地统计学方法相结合,提供了大尺度空间格局分析、森林资源动态监测和预测的方法。文中简单介绍了遥感技术与地统计学的方法和特点,从监测与分类、估计与模拟2个方面综述地统计学结合遥感技术在林业中的应用,并针对遥感数据结合地统计学方法在林业研究中存在的问题加以讨论。     

基于变异函数的云南县域经济空间变异研究

从云南省县域经济的人均国内生产总值人手,在云南省129个县2000～2007年人均GDP及人均纯收入数据与空间地理位置坐标的基础上,运用变异函数的理论和方法,计算县域经济相关指标的变异函数,并根据相关方法拟合成球状模型的变异函数,最后结合云南县域的情况和变异函数图进行分析,为云南县域经济的发展提供支持.     

Spatial Dependence of Check Plot Yield and Local Control

For maximizing genetic gains, with given resources, plant breeders generally conduct large but un- or inadequately-replicated field trials especially during early generation evaluations and population improvement programmes. Checks arc often used to improve the precision of test plot comparisons. Adjustments by moving or weighted means etc. arc, however, empirical or based on assumptions too difficult to verify. An alternative stochastically best linear unbiased optimal locally weighted method of spatial prediction of micro-environmental heterogeneity indices of treatment plots was examined. Two checks used in an unreplicated evaluation of 1560 test lines of winter wheat expressed the micro-environmental variation in similar ways. About 46, 38 and 16 percent of the total variation in yield was a simple row and column effects, spatially dependent, and random errors, respectively. Optimal weights derived to simulate the micro-environmental heterogeneity indices were sensitive to the position of the test plot and thus provided a better local control. The model was validated, and prediction standard deviations of simulations computed.