Comparison of nuclear and capacitance‐based soil water measuring techniques in salt‐affected soils

A field calibration experiment was carried out on salt‐affected clayey soil in Syria, to compare the sensitivity to soil electrical conductivity (ECe), and bulk density (ρ_b) of two instruments for estimating soil moisture: the neutron probe (NP) and the Diviner 2000 capacitance probe (CP). The results showed that the values of the correlation coefficient of the calibration were decreased when the ECe and ρ_b values increased; this decrease was more pronounced for the Diviner 2000, indicating that it was more sensitive to ρ_b and ECe than the NP. When only scaled frequency was used in the fitted equation, the Diviner 2000 in wet soil underestimated soil water content significantly at all depths, but especially in the top layer, by up to 0.09 cm³/cm³ compared with gravimetric determinations. However, in dry soil, the Diviner 2000 overestimated the volumetric water content by up to 0.05 cm³/cm³ in the top 15 cm, and by 0.03 cm³/cm³ at 30‐45 cm depth. The performance of the neutron probe was better overall; using a factory calibration curve no significant differences were observed between NP estimates and the gravimetric values. Including both ρ_b and ECe in the calibration equations improved the fits, although the regression coefficient (R²) for the Diviner 2000 remained low.     

Comparison between Calibration Procedure and Econometric Estimation

The two methods of estimating parameter in computable general equilibrium(CGE) model are introduced and compared:the calibration procedure and econometric estimation. The conclusions are:the estimation of parameter in CGE model must use the calibration procedure coupled with the econometric estimation method;the elasticity of output with respect to labor input,the marginal expenditure share for households and price elasticity of export demand are estimated by econometric estimation method;and other parameters of the CGE model can be get by calibration procedure.     

A Research on the Way of EMBET in the Tracking Systems'' Accuracy-analysis During Satellite Launch

In the past, the criterion for calibration has almost invariably been the stellar oriented ballistic camera,the method is a point to point comparison on the identical coordinate system. Deficiencies is follows: The request of weather is severe(cloudless night); The period is often long; the measure equipment of high precision can't be calibrated. While EMBET methods is used in calibration, it does not need criterion and it demands only that the measure elements is larger than 3,and the trajectory and many system errors of the measure elements can be simultaneously calculated with the measure data sequences. The error models of related equipments' measure elements and the EMBET of typical equipment group are given. The EMBET method is successfully used in Accuracy-analysis of Satellite Launch.     

土壤水分特征曲线几种标定的对比分析

土壤水分特征曲线的标定是土壤水的能量和数量关系在不同尺度间转换的方法,也是植被生态需水机理研究的重要组成部分。通过对传统的迭代法、一次法和建立的2种混合遗传算法进行比较,标定的结果表明,多项式遗传算法能综合考虑2种方差的影响,并能给出一致性的标定结果,这种经验式混合遗传算法对传统的标定算法进行了改进。     

新疆棉田耕后土壤模型离散元参数标定

为提高耕后分层施肥开沟覆土过程离散元仿真模拟的准确性,采用EDEM离散元软件对分层施肥作业土壤的堆积和滑落过程进行仿真模拟,来标定土壤接触参数。通过通用旋转中心组合试验,采用 Design-Expert 软件对试验数据进行回归分析,以实测土壤休止角、土壤与65 Mn钢滑动摩擦角为优化目标,获得最优的离散元接触参数组合为：土壤间恢复系数0.48、土壤间滚动摩擦系数0.56、土壤间静摩擦系数0.24、土壤与65 Mn钢间恢复系数0.5、土壤与65 Mn钢间滚动摩擦系数0.1、土壤与65 Mn钢间静摩擦系数0.31。为验证标定优化的离散元模型参数的准确性,对土壤堆积试验和滑落试验进行仿真试验与实际试验对比,两者相对误差分别为1.7%和2.5%;并在最优标定参数组合条件下,采用离散法仿真模拟分层施肥装置的开沟覆土过程,获得分层施肥装置5、6和7 km/h作业速度下,仿真试验和田间试验的工作阻力相对误差分别为10.2%、7.95%、7.04%,误差在可接受范围内。仿真试验和田间试验开沟覆土效果基本一致,验证了土壤参数标定的准确可靠,可为后期分层施肥装置减阻研究提供理论基础和技术支持。     

基于EDEM的猪粪接触参数标定

为准确快速获得畜禽粪便的接触参数,该研究通过物理堆积试验与仿真方法对猪粪接触参数进行了标定。测定了不同含水率下猪粪的堆积角,建立了含水率与堆积角的回归方程;基于Hertz-Mindlin with JKR球体粘结模型,进行了离散元仿真模拟;采用筛选试验设计(Plackett-BurmanDesign,P-BD)对10个初始参数进行了筛选,发现JKR(Johnso-Kendall-Roberts)表面能、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数对猪粪堆积角影响显著;并根据响应曲面试验设计(Box-BehnkenDesign,B-BD)建立了堆积角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,得到了3个显著性参数值分别为JKR表面能0.03J/m~2、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数0.27、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数0.54;将仿真所得堆积角与物理试验值进行对比验证,相对误差为4.27%。结果表明,该研究提出的标定方法能准确模拟物理堆积试验,可为畜禽粪便接触参数的标定提供参考。     

Applicability of ground‐penetrating radar as a tool for nondestructive soil‐depth mapping on Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits

Soil depth plays a decisive role in determining soil properties in mountainous regions for ecological site assessment. To evaluate the use of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) for fast and high‐resolution mapping within mountainous regions, we examined the possibilities and limitations of GPR to determine soil depth over bedrock and to delineate individual substrate layers formed during the Pleistocene in a periglacial environment (Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits, PPSD). Selected catenae in representative subregions of the study area (Dill catchment, SE Rhenish Massif, Germany) have been successfully mapped using GPR. A practicable method was developed using a 400 MHz antenna to reach a mean penetration depth of 1.5 m and to map different substrates and layers of PPSD based on calibrations of the GPR at soil pits along 12 catenae. Colluvium, the three types of PPSD layers, as well as the in situ bedrock could be distinguished in most sections of the GPR surveys. Characteristic GPR facies caused by intrinsic material properties of the different substrates, such as stone content and soil moisture content, could be distinguished in different geomorphologic and lithological settings. A layer‐based velocity distribution was determined for characteristic substrate layers at soil pits enabling us to considerably enhance the accuracy of soil‐depth prediction. Compared to traditionally surveyed soil profiles, our results demonstrate an accuracy of layer thickness surveying within a standard deviation of approx. 0.1 m. It is demonstrated that the combination of GPR with conventional soil‐pit mapping is an efficient and valid method to produce high‐resolution data of substrate distribution.     

HJ-1卫星延寿期的CCD影像质量评价与可用性分析

HJ-1卫星发射升空投入运行以来,已在灾害与环境的快速监测与预报领域发挥了重要作用。HJ-1卫星目前已经成功运行3a多,属于超期服役状态。为了评价延寿期影像质量,该文从影像的几何校正精度、灰度特征和纹理特征3个方面对延寿期HJ-1A-CCD影像进行分析,并与正常寿命运行期的HJ-1ACCD影像、同时期的Landsat7 ETM+影像进行比较,分析结果表明:延寿期HJ-1A-CCD影像质量虽然有一定程度的下降,但其与正常寿命期影像质量接近,仍能较好地描述丰富的地物类型及地物细节信息,可以像正常寿命期影像一样,有效地用于环境监测、灾害监测、国土资源管理、城市规划、农业应用等方面。     

实验地貌的动态观测装置

实验地貌的动态观测对于研究沟坡的侵蚀过程和发生机制具有重要意义.在介绍实验地貌动态观测装置——MX - 2010 -G型地貌仪的基础上,采用传统钢尺+水准仪观测方法以及地貌仪测量方法,测量同一坡体的体积,以率定地貌仪的观测精度.结果表明:对于5组不同坡度、体积约为2.4万cm3的沟坡模型,地貌仪测量的体积相对误差可以控制在±10％以内,其中绝对值最大相对误差为9.0％,绝对值最小误差为-0.4％;对于120 cm×140 cm范围内的坡面,10个检查点空间坐标在x、y、z 3个方向上的均方误差平均值分别为0.99、0.84和0.42 cm;在6个断面测点系列高程值线性回归分析中,回归系数6与相关系数R2值均接近于1.结果表明,该地貌仪能够对沟坡微地貌的变化过程进行精确的观测.