Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

Impact of soil water content on maize responses to the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1

Members of the bacterial genus Azospirillum are root-associated bacteria that increase yield in cereals by promoting growth and alleviating drought stress. How plants integrate the many bacterium-derived growth-promoting stimuli with other environmental factors to generate a coordinated response remains unresolved. Using a commercial Azospirillum strain, A. lipoferum CRT1 and two host maize cultivars, it was observed that bacterization reduced the drought-induced increase in lateral root growth and enhanced the flood-induced increase in lateral root growth in the more drought- and flood-sensitive cultivar. In the other one, A. lipoferum CRT1 only elicited a moderate root growth response under low soil water potential. The photosynthetic potential and activity were increased in the earlier cultivar and decreased in the later one, irrespective of the soil water content. No impact of the bacterium was seen on the growth of the leaves of both cultivars under both stresses until the third leaf stage, therefore suggesting that it is a consequence of multiple primary adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that host–bacteria recognition leads to a stress-specific modulation of the root response and a differential stress-independent effect on photosynthesis. This is the first report of the impact of Azospirillum under flood conditions.     

湖北省分地区水灾损失等级划分初探

建立了湖北省分地区水灾损失灾度等级的划分标准。基于模糊模式识别理论，按最大隶属原则和择近原则对灾度等级进行了模糊综合评判。     

发展我国洪水保险的制度思考——美国洪水保险制度的借鉴与启示

洪水保险是一项重要的非工程防洪措施.美国是世界上最早建立国家强制性洪水保险体制的国家,经过艰难曲折的探索,闯出了一条成功之路.我国的洪水保险体制还处于积极探索阶段.中美两国尽管国情差异较大,但以洪水保险作为推进洪泛区洪水风险管理的经济手段,并以立法和国家计划等措施来保障实施的作法是值得借鉴的.本文就美国洪水保险制度的发展与沿革,寻找对我国建立洪水保险制度一些有益的启示,并就此提出了一些建设性意见.     

微分响应在降雨误差修正中的应用

误差修正是实时洪水预报研究和应用中的重要内容,从修正模型降雨输入角度出发,提出了一种基于微分响应的降雨误差修正方法,并通过实例论证了该方法修正降雨量的适用性。该方法通过计算降雨所对应模型的微分响应来修正降雨,从而修正出口断面流量过程。将该修正方法结合新安江模型,对闽江建阳流域的19场历史洪水进行了有效性检验,结果表明:此方法对洪量、洪峰的修正效果明显,且能够显著提高洪水预报的合格率,修正后合格率由63.2%提高到94.7%。     

沮漳河下游洪水遭遇地区组成规律

漳河水库由观音寺和鸡公尖两个水库以明槽渠道组成，涉及入库洪水的两个来源，而为下游防洪又涉及到与水库坝址至两河口区间及沮河洪水的组成遭遇。沮漳河为长江的一级支流，对长江防洪安全有一定的影响作用，为了确保水库及其下游防护区的安全，必须研究洪水的地区组成，为防洪错峰及安全调度提供设计依据。通过F检验法及t检验法来进行回归方程及相关系数的检验，证明回归方程是显著的，相关也较密切，可用于生产实际。     

砌石拱坝加高倍厚的三维接触仿真

对砌石拱坝的加高倍厚中新、老坝体结构面，用有限元软件ANSYS结合接触理论进行计算，并分析结果得出：温升、水压力和淤沙压力使结合面上的接触压力增大，从而接触摩擦应力较大，有利于结合面的结合，而结合面在温降的作用下有脱离的趋势。     

Physical simulation of fluid field and structure optimization in two-strand tundish

The influence of the structure and location of dam and weir on fluid flow state in a two-strand tundish is studied, and a set of optimal structure, combining with the average residence time calculated from RTD curve, is obtained. The result indicates that the fluid flow state can be changed and the path of the fluid flow can be prolonged as well as the average residence time is improved after using dam and weir. But there are some dead zones after fluid passed through the dam and weir. Combination scheme of No. one dam and weir is better than the others. Its average residence time is 299 s and the volume fraction of dead zone is 31.0%. After the optimization of flowing control parameters in tundish, the best case is that the distance between dam and weir is 290 mm and the distance between weir and the long nozzle is 383 mm. The longest average residence time is 351 s and the minimum volume fraction of dead zone is 19.0% under the above situation. Compared with that of no dam and weir, the average residence time increases by 65 s and the dead zone volume fraction decreases by 15.0%. Based on Newton formula, the calculated results show that the inclusions with diameter larger than 17.5 μm can float up within 351 s under this optimization situation.     

论碾压混凝土坝上游面喷丙乳砂浆的防渗作用

碾压混凝土具有施工速度快，水泥用量少，投资省等明显的优点。国内的理论研究和工程实践都取得了突飞猛进的进展，在防渗问题方面也进行了卓有成效的探索，如福建省几座已建成的碾压混凝土坝均采用不同的防渗类型。文章结合福建省重点工程连江山仔水利枢纽工程碾压混凝土坝的施工情况，介绍了能够充分发挥碾压混凝土坝快速施工特点的悬臂钢模、改性混凝土的施工方法，论述了喷丙乳砂浆作为碾压混凝土坝上游主防渗体与这一施工特点相统一所具有的优越性。     

漳河水库入库洪水抗误差预报方案

漳河水库由观音寺水库和鸡公尖水库通过半天然明槽相互连通组成，因受库水位观测、明槽输水计算、动库容计算误差等的复杂影响，以往多次建立的洪水预报方案均未达到可供应用的水平。在分析漳河水库入库洪水误差产生特点的基础上，通过建立抗误差产汇流预报模型和自适应实时校正技术，使漳河水库洪水预报方案平均确定性系数达91.09%，洪峰合格率达100%，峰现时间合格率达90.91%；观音寺水库洪水预报方案的平均确定性系数达90.63%，洪峰合格率达100%，峰现时间合格率达100%，终于建立了达到甲等水平的漳河水库洪水预报应用方案。