Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity1

Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E_o) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E_o's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E_om) followed the soil-specific relation E_om/E_o= a e^(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E_o, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)^0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and E_o but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E_o and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of E_o, and for all situations under small E_o. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under E_o of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.     

脱粒装置的结构及工作性能分析

脱粒装置是谷物脱粒机和联合收获机的核心部件。简述脱粒装置的类型和脱粒原理,详细介绍几种常用的脱粒装置的结构特点、作业过程及适用作物,分析影响脱粒装置工作性能的主要因素,为生产实践中正确使用脱粒装置提供参考。     

Using landscape metrics and topographic analysis to examine forest management in a mixed forest,Hokkaido, Japan: Guidelines for management interventions and evaluation of cover changes

In this study, we identified the distribution characteristics of a mixed forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees (a typical forest type in Hokkaido, Japan) using landscape metrics and topographic factors, and attempted to apply this knowledge to examine forest management. This approach provides a new perspective (i.e., the landscape structure) on forest management, which traditionally has been determined on the basis of individual forest stands. We first created a cover type map of the study area by means of aerial photo interpretation. The characteristics of each cover type identified from the photographs were determined using landscape metrics for each cover class. We digitized a forest administrative map (1:20,000 scale) using 20-m contours, and imported this into GIS software to produce a terrain model; on this model, we overlaid the cover types. Our examination of landscape metrics showed that most of the natural forest could be managed similarly. However, our examination of topographic characteristics revealed exceptions (e.g., areas that are difficult to regenerate) that will require particular attention when managing the natural forest. Based on the information we obtained, we proposed a guideline for sustainable forest management. From the land cover map, we proposed an “improved” cover type map to illustrate the development of a high growing stock of forest based on forest management. We compared the current cover map with the “improved” cover map and demonstrated that the improved form would have more significant effects on fauna that do not recognize differences in the proportion of the dominant species types than on those that can recognize these differences. Our results show how the information obtained using landscape metrics and terrain models is an essential tool for various stages of forest management planning.     

干混砂浆站烘干机主除尘器保护装置

烘干机主除尘器一般采用布袋脉冲除尘器,用于滤除从烘干机出料口随干砂料一起排出的大量烟尘文章针对现役使用中存在的问题,克服已有技术中的不足之处,提供一种结构简单、使用可靠性高、可有效保护烘干机主除尘器、也可为热风炉温度调节提供指导依据的保护装置及方法。     

筒式结构拆除的力学分析

根据力学原理,分析讨论了钢筋混凝土筒式结构定向倾倒的切口高度和切口角度．     

康明斯发动机PT喷油器试验及试验台的研制

PT-881型康明斯PT喷油器试验台是一种可移式试验装置。该试验台可与PT-821型PT泵试验台和任何型号的喷油泵试验台组合配套,对PT喷油器进行试验。喷油泵试验台仅用来驱动康明斯PT喷油器、变速和记录喷油次数。可移式试验装置可装在喷油泵试验台上并提供专用的驱动联轴节,以保持驱动PT喷油器的凸轮轴与喷油泵试验台驱动轴同轴。PT-881型康明斯PT喷油器试验台由凸轮箱、凸轮—挺杆机构、气动液压夹紧机构、气路系统和燃油系统组成。     

柚木繁育技术研究进展

柚木为马鞭草科柚木属落叶或半落叶高大乔木,具有材用、药用、观赏等多种用途。简要介绍柚木的生物学特性及分布现状,综述柚木种子繁殖、扦插繁殖、组织培养技术及栽培管理的研究进展,展望其发展前景,以期为相关研究工作提供参考。     

Destratification in deep fish culture reservoirs in Israel: Practice and modelling

Thermal stratification negatively affects water quality, and thus is a threatto fish culture in deep water ponds and reservoirs. To prevent and controlit, a device based on an underwater propeller that vertically transportsoxygen rich warm water from the epilimnion down to the anoxic and colderhypolimnion was assembled. The empirical results so far obtained in Israelidual purpose reservoirs for field crop irrigation and fish culture aresummarized herein, and a mathematical model of the device's effect onreservoir thermal structure is presented.