成分对温压成形Reed／Cu／PE复合材料性能的影响

为进一步改善基于农林剩余物的木基复合粉末的温压成形综合性能,开发新型复合材料,以芦苇秆粉末（Reed）为基材、紫铜粉末（Cu）为强韧化因子、聚乙烯（PE）为紫铜粉末分散助剂,运用响应面试验法、三维立体数码显微镜、扫描电镜和电子万能材料实验机等方法和手段研究PE及Cu对温压成形Reed/Cu/PE复合材料性能的影响,对试件材料的性能与结构进行表征。结果表明：Reed/Cu/PE复合材料的最优温压成形工艺条件为,PE和Cu质量分数分别为10％和17％;制备的Reed/Cu/PE复合材料的静曲强度、表观硬度（HV）、吸水率和吸水厚度膨胀率分别达到了49．26、9．267 MPa、3．32％和4．35％。     

A new approach for modelling vertical stress distribution at the soil/tyre interface to predict the compaction of cultivated soils by using the PLAXIS code

Soil compaction by agricultural machines can have adverse effects on crop production and the environment. Different models based on the Finite Element Method have been proposed to calculate soil compaction intensity as a function of vehicle and soil properties. One problem when modelling soil compaction due to traffic is the estimation of vertical stress distribution at the soil surface, as the vertical stress is inhomogeneous (non-uniform) and depends on soil and tyre properties. However, uniform stress distribution at the soil/tyre interface is used to predict the compaction of cultivated soils in most FEM compaction models. We propose a new approach to numerically model vertical stress distribution perpendicular to the driving direction at the soil/tyre interface, employing the FEM models of PLAXIS code. The approach consists of a beam (characterised by its geometric dimensions and flexural rigidity) introduced at the soil surface and loaded with a uniform stress with the aim to simulate the action of a wheel at the soil surface. Different shapes of stress distribution are then obtained numerically at the soil surface by varying the flexural rigidity of the beam and the mechanical parameters of the soil. PLAXIS simulations show that the soil type (soil texture) modifies the shape of the stress distribution at the edges of the contact interface: a parabolic form is obtained for sand, whereas a U-shaped is obtained for clay. The flexural rigidity of the beam changes the shape of distribution which varies from a homogenous (uniform) to an inhomogeneous distribution (parabolic or U-shaped distribution). These results agree with the measurements of stress distributions for different soils in the literature. We compared simulations of bulk density using PLAXIS to measurement data from compaction tests on a loamy soil. The results show that simulations are improved when using a U-shaped vertical stress distribution which replaces a homogenous one. Therefore, the use of a beam (cylinder) with various flexural rigidities at the soil surface can be used to generate the appropriate distribution of vertical stress for soil compaction modelling during traffic.     

Modern forestry vehicles and their impacts on soil physical properties

“Close-to-nature forest stands” are one central key in the project “Future oriented Forest Management” financially supported by the German Ministry for Science and Research (BMBF). The determination of ecological as well as economical consequences of mechanized harvesting procedures during the transformation from pure spruce stands to close-to-nature mixed forest stands is one part of the “Southern Black Forest research cooperation”. Mechanical operations of several typical forest harvesting vehicles were analysed to examine the actual soil stresses and displacements in soil profiles and to reveal the changes in soil physical properties of the forest soils. Soil compaction stresses were determined by Stress State Transducer (SST) and displacement transducer system (DTS) at two depths: 20 and 40 cm. Complete harvesting and trunk logging processes accomplished during brief 9-min operations were observed at time resolutions of 20 readings per second. Maximum vertical stresses for all experiments always exceeded 200 kPa and at soil depths of 20 cm for some vehicles and sequences of harvesting operations approached ≥500 kPa. To evaluate the impacts of soil stresses on soil structure, internal soil strengths were determined by measuring precompression stresses. Precompression stress values of forest soils at the field sites ranged from 20 to 50 kPa at soil depths of 20 cm depth and from 25 to 60 kPa at soil depths of 40 cm, at a pore water pressure of −60 hPa. Data obtained for these measured soil stresses and their natural bearing capacities proved that sustainable wheeling is impossible, irrespective of the vehicle type and the working process. Re-occurring top and subsoil compaction, increases in precompression stress values in the various soil horizons, deep rut depths, vertical and horizontal soil displacements associated with shearing stresses, all affected the mechanical strengths of forest soils. In order to sustain naturally “unwheeled” soil areas with minimal compaction, it is recommended that smaller machines, having less mass, be used to complete forest harvesting in order to prevent or at least to maintain currently minimal-compacted forest soils. Additionally, if larger machines are required, permanent wheel and skid tracks must be established with the goal of their maximum usefulness for future forest operations. A first step towards accomplishing these permanent pathways requires comprehensive planning with the Federal State Baden-Württemberg. The new guideline for final opening with skid tracks (Landesforstverwaltung Baden-Württemberg, 2003) proposes a permanent skid track system with a width of 20–40 m.     

Technical solutions to reduce the risk of subsoil compaction: effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil

The use of heavy machinery is increasing in agriculture, which induces increased risks of subsoil compaction. Hence, there is a need for technical solutions that reduce the compaction risk at high total machine loads. Three field experiments were performed in order to study the effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil. Vertical soil stress was measured at three different depths by installing probes into the soil horizontally from a dug pit. In one experiment, also the stress distribution below the tyre was measured. Beneath the dual wheels, vertical stresses at 0.15 and 0.3 m depth were lower between the two wheels than under the centre of each wheel, despite the gap between the wheels being small (0.1 m). At 0.5 m depth, vertical stress beneath the wheels was the same as between the two wheels. The stress interaction from the two wheels was weak, even in the subsoil. Accordingly, measured stresses at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth were highest under the centre of each axle centre line of tandem wheels, and much lower between the axles. For a wheel load of 86 kN, tyre inflation pressure significantly affected stress at 0.3 m depth, but not at greater depths. Stress directly below the tyre, measured at 0.1 m depth, was unevenly distributed, both in driving direction and perpendicular to driving direction, and maximum stress was considerably higher than tyre inflation pressure. Calculations of vertical stress based on Boussinesq's equation for elastic materials agreed well with measurements. A parabolic or linear contact stress distribution (stress declines from the centre to the edge of the contact area) was a better approximation of the contact stress than a uniform stress distribution. The results demonstrate that stress in the soil at different depths is a function of the stress on the surface and the contact area, which in turn are functions of wheel load, wheel arrangement, tyre inflation pressure, contact stress distribution and soil conditions. Soil stress and soil compaction are a function of neither axle load nor total vehicle load. This is of great importance for practical purposes. Reducing wheel load, e.g. by using dual or tandem wheels, also allows tyre inflation pressure to be reduced. This reduces the risk of subsoil compaction.     

小四轮拖拉机播前压地对土壤物理特性及作物生长的影响

采用小四轮拖拉机在冬小麦种床上压地１遍,小麦播种后测定土壤的体积密度,含水率及温度,并与种床未经碾压的处理进行比较,结果表明：压实对２０ｃｍ内耕层土壤的物理特性有一定的影响。尽管这种影响可以通过耦作来消除,但播前压实却会对作物的出苗或生长带来危害。     

林地土壤压实对土壤呼吸影响的数学模型研究

介绍土壤呼吸对于林地树木生长的重要性。分析人工干扰等外力作用导致土壤压实,使土壤容重增加,改变土壤孔隙度和二氧化碳浓度等。通过对影响因素和机理的分析,从微观角度利用微分原理,推导出土壤压实对土壤呼吸影响的数学模型,并就各主要影响因素对土壤呼吸的影响进行简要分析。     

田间土壤压实研究现状

在综述国内外农机土壤压实研究进展的基础上,结合土壤压实形成过程,从土壤含水量、耕作方式、农业机械3方面,内外因相结合的角度分析了影响田间土壤压实的因素。针对影响因素提出减缓土壤压实的可行性措施,总结了目前土壤压实研究中存在的问题和认识上的不足,并提出可行性建议。为进一步开展农业机械土壤压实方面研究提供参考。     

园龄·施肥方式·种植模式对苹果园土壤紧实度的影响--以渭北苹果园为例

[目的]探讨不同园龄、施肥方式、种植模式对渭北苹果园土壤紧实度的影响,揭示渭北苹果园土壤紧实化问题。[方法]在渭北地区的洛川、白水两地分别选取园龄≤10、11~15、16~20、21~25、25 a的苹果园各3个,长期单施化肥和化肥与农家肥配施的苹果园各3个,从未种过苹果树的农田各3块,分别测定0~45 cm土层土壤紧实度,对比分析土壤紧实度差异。[结果]渭北苹果园的土壤紧实度总体上随园龄增加呈现先下降后增加的趋势。在0~30 cm土层,随土层深度的增加,各园龄土壤紧实度急剧增大;30~45 cm土层,各园龄土壤紧实度变化不大。苹果园和农田的土壤紧实度差异不明显;长期单施化学肥料的苹果园土壤紧实度明显高于化学肥料与农家肥配施的苹果园。[结论]渭北苹果园土壤的紧实化趋势严重,化学肥料与农家肥配施能明显减少渭北苹果园0~45 cm土层土壤紧实度,有利于果树根系的生长和延伸。     

不同土壤紧实度对棉花根系生长的影响

试验于１９９２－１９９５年在扬州大学农学院进行。供试棉花品种岱１５，设砂、粘土不同溶重盆栽。结果指出，容重１．１ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理，根系长势“前旺后衰”，容重１．４ｇ／ｃｍ＾３和１．５ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理根系生长始终处于劣势，而容重１．２ｇ／ｃｍ＾３和１．３ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理主根生长率与一次侧根增长率高，主根长，一次侧根量大，根系活力强，吸收氮、磷、钾多，长势“前强后稳”，为最优处理；还发现，棉根干重随土     

播后镇压和冬前灌溉对土壤条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响

为揭示冬灌和镇压的作用,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12号为材料,研究了冬灌和镇压措施对麦田土壤水热条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响。结果表明,与不冬灌相比,冬灌条件下,冬季和春季土壤含水量提高,土壤温度较稳定。与不镇压相比,镇压处理的冬前和起身期土壤含水量及冬前夜间土壤温度提高。冬灌处理冬小麦在越冬后各时期的总茎数、LAI、干物质积累量有所降低,开花期叶片光合速率显著下降,灌浆后期叶片SPAD值下降也较快,每穗总小穗数、结实小穗数、穗粒数和产量均减少。镇压使小麦开花前干物质积累量减少,但对成熟期干物质积累量影响不显著,因为开花后光合速率提高,叶片SPAD值下降较缓慢,开花后干物质积累较多。镇压处理成熟期的单位面积穗数降低,但由于穗粒数和千粒重提高,镇压与不镇压的产量差异不显著。从本研究结果看,冬灌是一项防冻保苗的有效措施,与播后镇压配合可减缓冬季低温和温度剧烈变化对小麦的不利影响。