浅谈国有林场森林分类经营

本文结合大兴安岭地区加格达奇林业局国有林场的实际经营情况，论述了国有林场实行森林分类经营的必要性、并对经营管理体制与措施进行了探讨。     

Study and Practice of Safety Grade Assessment for Large Convention and Exhibition Centre

This paper takes "how to estimate the complex security of Large Convention and Exhibition Centre effectively" as the research goal.Based on analyzing the difficulties,target system,technical constitution,probing into the architecture,safety science,and using for reference the mathematics,operational research,statistics and modern system theory and method,trying to explore establishing an evaluation methodological system,which is provided with integrated characters on subject.Based on these ways,it exerts "quality to quantity" fuzzy analytical hierarchy process(FAHP) and aims at discussing the safety grade assessment of the Chongqing International Conference Exhibition Center focusing on designing theories.The aim is to enhance the integration of design practice and safe consciousness,strengthen the building safety management,and perfect city public security system.In practice,it is also an efficient tool for favoring values of architectural environmental safety.     

宽顶堰平板压差式量水闸过流规律

灌区水量的测量问题正日益受到关注。对于平原灌区，研究利用以淹没出流为主的工作闸门进行渠道量水具有现实意义。基于孔板式流量计的测流原理，提出一种平板压差式量水闸门。选择不同闸门开度e与闸门上游水深H组合，通过室内试验研究分析了闸孔淹没出流的相关测流规律，得出实用的流量系数经验公式。结果表明，该型闸门结构简单，取压方便，量水精度较高，集水位流量调控与测量为一体，适合应用于平原灌区。     

悬挂犁传统受力分析方法的质疑和计算机辅助分析

对悬挂犁受力分析的传统方法提出了质疑，并从理论上分析了存在问题的原因。用解析方法建立了悬挂犁受力方程组，编制了计算机程序，依靠计算结果，探讨了各因素变化对悬挂犁所受作用力和力偶矩的影响。     

SnToxA,SnTox1, and SnTox3 originated in Parastagonospora nodorum in the Fertile Crescent

The centre of origin of the globally distributed wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum has remained uncertain because only a small number of isolates from the Fertile Crescent were included in earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We isolated and genetically analysed 193 P. nodorum strains from three naturally infected wheat fields distributed across Iran using 11 neutral microsatellite loci. Compared to previous studies that included populations from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and China, the populations from Iran had the highest genetic diversity globally and also exhibited greater population structure over smaller spatial scales, patterns typically associated with the centre of origin of a species. Genes encoding the necrotrophic effectors SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 were found at a high frequency in the Iranian population. By sequencing 96 randomly chosen Iranian strains, we detected new alleles for all three effector genes. Analysis of allele diversity showed that all three effector genes had higher diversity in Iran than in any population included in previous studies, with Iran acting as a hub for the effector diversity that was found in other global populations. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that P. nodorum originated either within or nearby the Fertile Crescent with a genome that already encoded all three necrotrophic effectors during its emergence as a pathogen on wheat. Our findings also suggest that P. nodorum was the original source of the ToxA genes discovered in the wheat pathogens Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 1, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana.     

Phytophthora urerae sp. nov., a new clade 1c relative of the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans from South America

An unknown Phytophthora species was discovered in the central Peruvian Andes on blighted foliage of the native South American plant species Urera lacineata. Urera is a genus of native flowering shrubs in the nettle family Urticaceae. This new taxon Phytophthora urerae sp. nov. is herewith formally described based on extensive morphological analysis, phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial loci, and AFLP analysis. Phytophthora urerae sp. nov. is a close relative of the Irish famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and only the third clade 1c taxon described from South America to date. In contrast to the clade 1c taxon Phytophthora andina, first described in South America as a hybrid, P. urerae does not appear to be a hybrid based on cloning and sequencing nuclear loci. Findings of new species in South America may provide novel insights into the origin and evolutionary history of clade 1c Phytophthora species.     

农业节水灌溉的多中心治理机制研究

我国传统的农业节水灌溉治理采用的是一种"单中心"治理模式,政府作为农业节水灌溉的治理主体,忽视了市场机制和公众参与在治理农业水短缺中的作用."多中心治理"则是整合政府、农民组织及市场三方面的力量,形成相互促进相互监督的格局,共同促进农业节水灌溉.     

长武塬区降雨入渗特征

为了深入理解深厚黄土层的降雨入渗机制,在黄土高原塬区的长武试验站,应用TDR监测天然降雨下大型土柱土壤含水率的动态变化,并结合土柱底部出流量测定数据,分析天然降雨的入渗特征。结果表明:降雨对土壤含水率的影响主要集中在160 cm深度以上,且随深度增加而递减,至240 cm土层降雨峰值信息几近消失;湿润锋运移速率与降雨强度呈正相关关系,与土壤初始含水率成负相关关系,湿润锋运移深度同降雨量和降雨强度正相关;降雨对300 cm土壤水的补给行为普遍存在,入渗补给以活塞流方式为主;降雨入渗补给土壤水的滞后作用表现出对100～200 cm土壤水的补给滞后时间为15～18 d,对300 cm深度土壤水的补给滞后时间为30～45 d。研究结果对明确黄土塬区水循环机制具有一定参考意义。     

发动机液压自由活塞下止点运动机理

为实现对单活塞液压自由活塞发动机工作频率的精确控制,掌握液压自由活塞下止点运动规律是基础,基于系统基本原理,研究了活塞下止点运动规律的数学模型。通过建立数学仿真模型和试验系统,研究了液压自由活塞在下止点的运动规律及其影响因素。结果表明,活塞下止点运动过程包括反向加速和正向减速过程,活塞到达下止点后的反弹距离主要由该过程决定,活塞下止点运动过程中的反向加速力来自泵腔和压缩腔压力。系统压缩腔压力变化规律可控是工作频率精确控制的基础,压力变化规律控制要考虑活塞运动状态和单向阀的阀芯动作规律的影响。     

基于计算机视觉的作物行定位技术

针对基于计算机视觉的作物行中心线定位困难问题,提出了基于垂直投影法的作物行定位方法。对作物图像运用过绿特征值分割作物和背景,将得到过绿特征图像划分为若干水平图像条,对图像条过绿特征值进行垂直投影,求取投影曲线上突出峰点的位置;利用稳健回归法对位置点进行线性拟合得到作物的行中心线。采用320×240像素的大豆图像进行作物行定位实验,结果表明采用该方法能够获得较好的定位结果。