数码照相法估算植被盖度

植被盖度是表征生态系统特征的重要参数之一,其准确测度对于分析土壤侵蚀强度、生态环境现状具有重要意义。该文选择黄土高原退耕还林还草区野外测量的25个典型样方, 探讨了数码照相法估算植被盖度的模型和方法,提出了中心投影引起的边缘畸变问题和植被信息识别问题的有效解决方案。前者采用控制点几何校正的方法解决,后者基于目视判读、统计汇总红(R)、绿(G)、蓝(B)三基色的DN（digital number）值分布规律,采用编程方式解决。研究结果表明,植被信息的三基色组成分别符合DNGDNRDN B、DNGDNBDNR和DNBDNRDNG 3种规律,非植被信息的三基色构成遵循DNRDNGDNB的规律,且采用上述规律,编程得到草地样方的植被盖度精度较高。可见,该文提出的估算植被盖度的数码照相法可移植到数码相机中,具有明显的应用价值。      

基于高空间分辨率航空影像的宁波鄞州新城区城市景观格局分析

基于高空间分辨率航空影像,应用Arcgis,Fragstates软件平台,选取适合的景观格局指数定量分析浙江宁波鄞州新城区城市景观格局.结果表明:鄞州新城区景观格局主要有建筑等硬铺装地面、水域、公共绿地、生产防护绿地、农田及生态涵养绿地和道路等6种类型.建筑等硬铺装地面和道路为城市建设用地,占总面积的49.96％,破碎化最为严重;水网密集且均匀分布;道路连接性较好,形成较完整的道路体系;农田及生态涵养用地主要分布在鄞州大道以南的区域,面积较大,景观类型较为单一;公共绿地表现出较高的斑块密度和边缘密度,破碎化比较严重,景观类型复杂.各景观类型斑块大部分以小尺度斑块为主,总体比例达到71.01％.鄞州新城区景观组分较多且分布均匀,在城市化进程中形成了大量的均质景观.图1表5参.     

非线性光子晶体中腔场的平均光子数分布研究

考虑腔模与Mollow峰的中心峰共振的情况,通过解析稳态方程,讨论了处于非线性光子晶体微腔中的二能级原子在外加相干场的驱动下腔场平均光子数的分布情况。研究结果表明,当光子晶体的态密度很大时,腔场的平均光子数随着驱动场拉比频率的增加而增加,最终达到饱和。     

Documenting improvement in leaf area index estimates from MODIS using hemispherical photos for Australian savannas

This paper compares estimates of Leaf Area Index (LAI) obtained from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) collections 4.8 (MC4) and 5.0 (MC5) with ground-based measurements taken along a 900 km north-south transect through savanna in the Northern Territory, Australia. There was excellent agreement for both the magnitude and timing in the annual variation in LAI from MC5 and biometric estimates at Howard Springs, near Darwin, whereas MC4 overestimated LAI by 1-2 m² m⁻² for the first 200 days of the year. Estimates of LAI from MC5 were also compared with those obtained from the analysis of digital hemispherical photographs taken during the dry season (September 2008) based on algorithms that included random and clumped distribution of leaves. Linear regression of LAI from MC5 versus that using the clumping algorithm yielded a slope close to 1 (m = 0.98). The regression based on a random distribution of leaves yielded a slope significantly different from 1 (m = 1.37), with higher Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and bias compared to the clumped analysis. The intercept for either analysis was not significantly different from zero but inclusion of five additional sites that were visually bare or without green vegetation produced a statistically significant offset of +0.16 m² m⁻² by MC5. Overall, our results show considerable improvement of MC5 over MC4 LAI and good agreement between MC5 and ground-based LAI estimates from hemispherical photos incorporating clumping of leaves.     

基于数码相机的草地植被盖度测量方法对比研究

草地植被盖度是表征生态系统植被生长状况及环境质量的重要参数。在草地植物群落野外调查中,可以利用数码相机拍摄草地样方照片,而后在室内利用图像处理软件进行自动或半自动的植被盖度测量。随着移动智能设备(如iPhone/iPAD或各类Android Phone/PAD)的快速发展和普及,野外实时获取草地样方照片,同步计算草地植被盖度,并与有关遥感反演参数产品作校验对比分析,将成为未来地学移动测量和研究的重要方向。本研究在总结梳理既有利用数码相机识别植被盖度方法的基础上,设计了低覆盖、中低覆盖、中等覆盖、中高覆盖、高覆盖5种不同植被盖度情景,以及从早上6:00 到下午6:00、每隔2 h一次、全天共7次不同光照环境下的照相方案。继而以Photoshop人工勾勒和测算方法为基准,选择RGB阈值法、RGB决策树法、HSV判别法3种自动测量方法开展对比研究。测量结果的对比分析表明,草地盖度变化对RGB阈值法和HSV判别法的盖度识别精度无明显规律性影响,RGB决策树的盖度识别精度随着草地盖度的增加而增加;光照强度越强,RGB阈值法和HSV判别法对同一草地样方估算的盖度值越小,RGB决策树法估算的盖度值随光照强度的变化没有固定的规律。总体上讲,RGB阈值法和HSV判别法的识别精度较高,RGB决策树法误判率较高,但后者可以识别出非绿色的植物茎、花朵。最后提出了在现有绿色植被像元识别方法的基础上,结合边缘检查算法等图形像素的统计学特征分析方法,能进一步提高草地植被盖度测量的准确率。     

利用无人机倾斜影像与GCP构建高精度侵蚀沟地形模型

为了提高侵蚀沟立体建模与监测的精度,该文采用消费级无人机作为低空遥感平台,以黄土高原一典型切沟为研究对象,通过无人机采集的倾斜影像与部署的地面控制点,采用多视立体运动恢复结构方法(structure from motion with multi-view stereo,Sf M-MVS)构建了高精度侵蚀沟表面模型,对其建模精度与数字高程模型、正射影像等成果进行分析,并与传统正射航图建模成果进行了比较。结果表明:构建的侵蚀沟稠密点云模型的水平均方根误差约为0.096 m,高程均方根误差约为0.018 m,满足1:500比例尺数字线划图与正射影像图的要求。与正射航图建模成果相比,高程误差减小了50%;侵蚀沟稠密点云的整体密度与地面激光雷达相当,且避免了后者多站拼接造成的密度不均问题。除了沟头部分的小块内凹区域,沟壁、沟头部分没有明显的空洞,植被覆盖的区域也能够正常建模。而正射航图的建模成果中在沟头内凹部分以及植被覆盖部分存在大块的空洞;由侵蚀沟的数字高程模型与等高线图可见,构建的侵蚀沟模型能够准确地反映切沟的形态特征。总体而言,该方法在侵蚀沟的高精度建模与监测方面具有显著优势,具有推广应用的潜力。     

Does the cellphone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation during ringing or talking modes induce locomotor disturbance in Drosophila melanogaster?

Debate regarding the biological effect of electromagnetic radiation has been recently raised. The effects of this radiation on locomotor activity are not well known. Hence, in this study, we used Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to investigate the possible effects of short-term exposure to ringing or talking cellphone modes on locomotor activity. Interestingly, an hour exposure to the cellphone ringing mode did not significantly affect the fly movement speed in the negative geotaxis assay. However, the flies exposed to sending or sending–receiving ringing modes showed disturbed movement paths compared with control flies. To verify these results, third-instar larvae were tested using a crawling assay. The larvae exposed to emissions of 1 h sending-rings tended to crawl in short, random and scattered paths, whereas control larvae crawled parallel to the wall of the petri dish. On the other hand, exposure to the cellphone talking mode induced significant reduction in the movement speed of adult Drosophila. The speed of flies exposed to sending mode showed a negative regression with the time of exposure. The flies exposed to receiving-talk mode were significantly slower than the controls at all tested time intervals. Furthermore, the flies exposed to 1 or 2 h sending-talks exhibited irritated zigzag locomotor paths and hyperactivity. The results suggest that prolonged exposure to signalling cellphone electromagnetic radiation may exert locomotor disorders as evident by significant alterations in the neuro-behavioural events related to locomotor equilibrium of D. melanogaster.     

稻田除草剂选择智能决策系统APP的构建与思考

当前我国水稻田登记的除草剂活性成分组合共204种, 包括55种单剂和149种复配剂?在总结各种稻田除草剂应用技术要素的基础上, 提出稻田除草剂选用中具有普遍性的6个关键问题, 包括:水稻栽培方式?稻田除草剂施用时期?施用方法?稻田主要禾本科杂草种类?稻田非禾本科主要杂草类型?田间杂草生育期; 基于各种除草剂品种对应上述6个问题上的应用特点, 开发了“稻田除草剂选用参考系统”, 该手机软件共1.8 MB, 可以在安卓手机上安装使用?该软件可以根据用户在上述6个问题上的选项组合, 直接获得适用除草剂品种清单; 也可以根据用户输入除草剂名称所含字词, 检索相关的除草剂品种清单?此外, 软件中列出了每种除草剂的使用技术要点?     

Long-term vegetation development on a wildfire slope in Innerzwain （Styria,Austria）

Forest fires in mountainous areas can cause severe deforestation which can potentially trigger secondary natural hazards like debris falls and avalanches.We documented an extreme case study for the range of possible post-fire land cover(LC)dynamics.We investigated a 15-ha,steep(10°-65°)burnt slope in Styria(Austria)at elevation of 760-1130m,which burned in 1946 and has not fully recovered to date.Seven8-class legend LC maps were produced(1954,1966,1973,1982,1998,2004,2009)and integrated in a vector-based GIS,mainly by on-screen interpretation of aerial photos.Our aim was to clarify how post-wildfire LC dynamics take place on a severely damaged,steep slope and to give a basic projection of the future vegetation recovery process.The pre-fire Pinus sylvestris stands have been mainly replaced by Picea abies and Larix decidua.Regeneration proceeded mainly from the base of the slope upwards.All tree species together still cover no more than 40%of the slope after more than 60 years of recovery,while grassland communities and rock/debris areas have expanded.Multitemporal analysis showed a slow but steady increase in woodland cover.Degraded rock/debris areas,however,expanded as well because soil erosion and related debris flows remained active.Slope angle(with a threshold value of approx.35-40°)seemed to control whether erosion or regeneration prevailed.According to a simple extrapolation,the slope will not reach its former condition before 2070.This extreme disturbance window of more than 120 years is owed to the steepness of the slope and to the shallow soils on dolomitic bedrock that were severely damaged by the fire.The neglect of any game fencing is a further factor slowing regeneration.     

Regional difference and dynamic mechanism of locality of the Chinese farming-pastoral ecotone based on geotagged photos from Panoramio

Cross-regional locality research reflects the influences of natural environment and the human activities due to the abundant land types and the multiple landscape combinations in related regions. The Chinese farming-pastoral ecotone is a typical large-scale region but few studies were conducted. This research contributed to the understanding of cross-regional locality of the Chinese farming-pastoral ecotone from different scales, including national, sectional, and provincial administrative units by utilizing geotagged photos(GTPs) obtained from the Panoramio website. The major results were as follows:(1) the locality elements of the Chinese farming-pastoral ecotone included 52 free nodes classified into 8 types of scene attributes;(2) there were huge differences between locality elements of different regions, and there was a negative correlation between the similarity degree of elements of different provinces and their spatial distances;(3) the Chinese farming-pastoral ecotone could be divided into the northern, central and southern sections, whose localities had differences in element constitution, association structure and the strength of elements, system stability and the anti-interference capability; and(4) the evolution of the localities of the northern and central sections was mainly influenced by human activities, while the locality of southern section retained more natural features. On a theoretical level, this research aimed to establish the research methodology of locality from the perspective of open data on the web with strong operability and replicability. On a practical level, this research could enrich the structuring recognition of the locality of the Chinese farming-pastoral ecotone and the comprehension of its dynamic mechanism. The results provide a reference for locality differentiation protection and the development of a cross-regional scale.