药剂浸泡种茎对布朗山区木薯地下害虫的防效评价

为了有效防控云南布朗山区木薯重要地下害虫的发生与危害，本试验针对性地开展种茎无害化药剂处理的防效评价研究。结果表明：选用环保型杀虫剂48%乐斯本乳油1 000倍液和1.8%阿维菌素乳油2 000倍液的1∶1混合液浸泡木薯种茎5和10 min后种植效果最好，平均出苗率分别由无任何处理对照的62.5%及清水对照的75.0%和75.6%显著提高到96.5%和97.0%，平均虫害率分别由无任何处理对照的56.8%及清水对照的45.0%和44.8%显著下降到6.3%和5.5%，平均产量分别由无任何处理对照的1 11     

Effect of Different Concentrate-roughage Ratios on Rumen Degradability of Cassava Stems and Leaves Total Mixed Ration in Goat

The rumen degradations of TMR were studied in this experiment,in which cassava stems and leaves were used as roughage and formulated with concentrate in different proportions.The purpose of this study was to formulate the available TMR for finishing goat,and provide a theoretical basis for the applications of cassava stems and leaves in goat production.Six Hainan Black goats with permanent rumen fistulas were selected,the rumen degradabilities of DM,CP,NDF and ADF of TMR with 6 different concentrate to forage ratio（2:8,3:7,4:6,5:5,6:4 and 7:3）were tested using nylon bag method.The results showed that,the DM effective degradabilities at the ratio of 4:6,5:5,6:4,7:3 were significantly higher than that of 2:8 and 3:7（P<0.05).CP effective degradabilities at the ratio of 2:8,3:7,4:6 were significantly higher than that of 5:5,6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The NDF effective degradation at the ratio of 5:5 was significantly higher than that in the other groups（P<0.05).The ADF degradation at the ratio of 3:7 was significantly higher than that of 4:6,5:5, 6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The results indicated that,the nutrient degradation in rumen were higher when the concentrate to forage（cassava stems and leaves）ratio in TMR were 3:7,4:6 and 5:5,and the recommended ratio range were 4:6 to 5:5 in production practice.     

洛阳市合欢主要病虫害防治技术

合欢是重要的园林观赏树种。文章主要介绍合欢的五种常见病虫害及其防治措施。     

施肥与耕作技术集成对土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响

为了探讨施肥及耕作技术集成对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响，本试验共设置5个处理，分别是生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水(处理2)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋深耕(处理3)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥(处理4)、施通用高浓度复合肥(处理5常规施肥及种植方式作为对照)，通过大田试验研究他们对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥及种植方式相比，不同施肥及耕作栽培技术集成处理均可提高木薯地土壤养分含量和含水量，改善土壤理化性状和土壤微生物区系组成。处理1的木薯产量增幅达到35.81%，差异极显著。本试验条件下，木薯最优的施肥及耕作栽培模式是技术综合集成生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)。     

低温胁迫对木薯腋芽部分生理指标的影响

以木薯品种南植199种茎为材料,以常温25℃为对照,研究在持续10℃与4℃低温胁迫以及卸除低温胁迫后木薯腋芽中丙二醛、可溶性淀粉、蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量以及保护酶活性等生理生化变化。结果表明:木薯腋芽中丙二醛含量随着处理时间延长逐渐增加,尤其对照均较之低温处理的高。在处理后120 h,低温处理与对照一样,其可溶性淀粉、可溶性蛋白质与游离氨基酸含量、POD总活性、SOD活性都有所下降。而在卸除低温处理后,低温处理的可溶性淀粉、蛋白质与游离氨基酸含量、POD总活性、SOD活性均升高,尤其是低温处理的可溶性蛋白质含量与POD总活性、SOD活性均比对照的高,达到极显著差异。表明适宜低温有利于木薯种茎的保存。     

收获期木薯地耕作层土壤硬度的试验研究

采用田间物理测定和数理统计分析方法,测定了收获期木薯种植地耕作层不同深度的土壤硬度,建立了耕作层深度与土壤硬度的数学模型,分析了土层深度对土壤硬度的影响规律。结果表明:建立的木薯地耕作层土壤硬度与深度的数学模型精度高,硬度与深度基本上成3次方的非线性关系;采用盖膜方式种植的木薯地,其土壤硬度先随土层深度的增大而增大,后随土层深度的增大而缓慢增大或减小;不采用盖膜方式种植的木薯地,其土壤硬度先随土层深度的增大而减小,后随土层深度的增大而增大,最后又随土层深度的增大而减小。     

往复式双夹持装置的木薯收获机的研制

目前,我国普遍采用的木薯收获方式为人工收获,劳动生产率低、工作环境差且经济效益低下,而国外的木薯收获机普遍不适应于我国南方的粘性土壤,存在木薯损失率高且土壤分离不彻底的问题。查阅资料得知,挖拔式木薯收获机十分适应我国南方的木薯种植环境,可减少木薯损失,促进木薯与土壤的分离。为此,利用UG设计了一款挖拔式木薯收获机,利用Adams软件对机器进行仿真分析得出多组数据,并使用MatLab对这些数据进行处理,以根据运动关系确定关键零件参数,使其可以与目前市面上的拖拉机匹配,实现高效低能耗收获木薯的目的。     

木薯收获机土薯抖动分离装置性能仿真及试验

为了考察木薯收获机块根拔起时弹簧式土薯抖动分离装置的土薯分离机理和因素对分离性能的影响规律,优化性能影响因素,进行弹簧式土薯抖动分离装置动力学仿真试验.采用光滑粒子流体动力学和有限元的耦合方法及二次回归通用旋转设计方法,构建土壤-木薯-抖动分离装置系统的动力学仿真模型和影响土薯分离性能的回归数学模型,研究了木薯块根拔起时土薯抖动的分离机理及各影响因素对土薯分离性能的影响规律,同时,采用MATLAB优化工具箱中的fmincon函数,对性能影响因素进行了优化.结果表明,因素的优组合为:长孔长度2.68 cm、弹簧刚度20.04 kN/cm、弹簧预紧力335.2 N,相应的干净度为0.778,碰撞力为320 N,试验验证的干净度为0.698,与理论结果的相对误差较小,约为10％,理论结果与验证结果较一致,表明建立的回归数学模型及优化结果合理.研究结果可为土薯分离质量高的挖拔式木薯收获机弹簧式土薯抖动分离装置的设计提供参考.     

木薯生料发酵转化乙醇的工艺参数优化研究

以木薯（Manihot esculenta）为试材,分别用正交设计法和均匀设计法考察木薯生料发酵转化乙醇工艺参数,分析讨论了这两种设计的特点,得出在多水平多因素的条件下,均匀设计具有实施试验少、效果好等优势,并得到以乙醇产量为指标的生料发酵转化乙醇最佳工艺参数：料水比1:1.8,初始pH3.5,温度32℃,酵母添加量3.5×107cell/mL,(NH4)2SO4 0.5g,转速140r/min,糖化酶添加量200 u/g,淀粉酶添加量12 u/g,纤维素酶添加量25 u/g, 发酵周期120 h,此时乙醇得率达到15.7%（正交设计最优结果为9.2%）。     

Classification of cassava into ‘bitter’ and ‘cool’ in Malawi: From farmers' perception to characterisation by molecular markers

Cassava roots, a major food in Africa, contain cyanogenic glucosides that may cause toxic effects. Malawian women farmers considered fields of seemingly similar cassava plants to be mixes of both ‘cool’ and ‘bitter’ cultivars. They regard roots from ‘cool’ cultivars as non-toxic. Roots of ‘bitter’ were considered to require extensive traditional processing done by women to be safe for consumption. But curiously, these women farmers preferred ‘bitter’ cultivars since toxicity confers protection against theft, which was a serious threat to the food security of their families. We studied how well these farmers comprehend the effects of genetic variations in cassava when dealing with cyanogenesis in this complex system. Using molecular markers we show that most plants farmers identified as belonging to a particular named cultivar had a genotype typical of that cultivar. Farmers' ethno-classification into ‘cool’ and ‘bitter’ cultivars corresponded to a genetic sub-division of the typical genotypes of the most common cultivars, with four-fold higher cyanogenic glucoside levels in the bitter cultivars. Examining morphology, farmers distinguished genotypes better than did the investigators when using a standard botanical key. Undoubtedly, these women farmers grasp sufficiently the genetic diversity of cassava with regard to cyanogenesis to simultaneously benefit from it and avoid its dangers. Consequently, acyanogenic cassava – the breeding of which is an announced good of some cassava genetic improvement programmes – is not a priority to these farmers. Advances in molecular genetics can help improve food supply in Africa by rapid micropropagation, marker assisted breeding and introduction of transgenic varieties, but can also help to elucidate tropical small-scale farmers' needs and skills. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.