土壤团聚体有机碳研究进展

土壤有机碳是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,对于促进土壤养分循环、增加养分有效性有重要作用。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,是组成土壤结构的最小单元,受到自然因素和人为因素的影响,其形成转化过程与土壤固碳过程息息相关,因而研究团聚体和有机碳的关系及团聚体有机碳影响因素对于土壤结构的改善和土壤质量的提升具有重要意义。本文通过对文献的总结,明晰了土壤团聚体和有机碳的关系,阐述了土壤类型、施肥方式、土地利用和矿区复垦对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响,并从生物质炭的长期定位研究和复垦矿区的土壤修复两方面对土壤团聚体有机碳的研究进行展望,研究结果可为合理的农业生产提供科学依据。     

Biochar Mitigates Salinity Stress in Potato

A pot experiment was conducted in a climate‐controlled greenhouse to investigate the growth, physiology and yield of potato in response to salinity stress under biochar amendment. It was hypothesized that addition of biochar may improve plant growth and yield by mitigating the negative effect of salinity through its high sorption ability. From tuber bulking to harvesting, the plants were exposed to three saline irrigations, that is 0, 25 and 50 mm NaCl solutions, respectively, and two levels of biochar (0 % and 5 % W/W) treatments. An adsorption study was also conducted to study the Na⁺ adsorption capability of biochar. Results indicated that biochar was capable to ameliorate salinity stress by adsorbing Na⁺. Increasing salinity level resulted in significant reductions of shoot biomass, root length and volume, tuber yield, photosynthetic rate (A_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), midday leaf water potential, but increased abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in both leaf and xylem sap. At each salinity level, incorporation of biochar increased shoot biomass, root length and volume, tuber yield, A_n, g_s, midday leaf water potential, and decreased ABA concentration in the leaf and xylem sap as compared with the respective non‐biochar control. Decreased Na⁺, Na⁺/K⁺ ratio and increased K⁺ content in xylem with biochar amendment also indicated its ameliorative effects on potato plants in response to salinity stress. The results suggested that incorporation of biochar might be a promising approach for enhancing crop productivity in salt‐affected soils.     

Effects of Addition of Three Types of Biochar on the Soil Nitrogen Balance and Cotton Yield

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biochar addition on the soil N balance and cotton yield in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experiment included four soil amendments: control, cotton straw biochar, corn cob biochar, and poultry manure biochar. The biochar was applied at a rate of 4.5 t·hm^－2 except control. The results showed that all three types of biochar significantly reduced both the apparent soil N loss and the N surplus. The effect of cotton straw biochar treatment was most significant, relative to the control. Plant nitrogen uptake differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order cotton straw biochar > poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar. Cotton yield also differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar, and cotton straw biochar.     

Short‐term releases of CO2 from newly mixed biochar and calcareous soil

The work aimed to quantify native organic C mobilized in one calcareous soil in the 21 days after addition of biochar at a range of large to very large applications. The experiment was carried out in unplanted microcosms, and CO₂ flux was used as a measure of net mineralization. A rapid methodological approach, which does not require ¹³C as a tracer, was used to assess any priming effects induced by the biochar. The amount of CO₂‐C mobilized was small relative to the amount of biochar C and proportional to the amount of the biochar added. The additional CO₂‐C was similar to the content of the water‐soluble organic carbon in the biochar added with each application. No interaction with native soil C, that is priming effect, was observed.     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

于2019—2021年采用再裂区设计,设置氮肥、生物炭和脲酶抑制剂3个因素,主处理设5个氮水平：0、75、150、225 kg·hm^-2和300 kg·hm^-2,副处理设2个生物炭水平：0 t·hm^-2和7.5 t·hm^-2,副副处理设2个脲酶抑制剂水平：0%和2%,共20个处理,研究氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系作物产量和氮肥吸收利用的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量、氮肥表观利用率、氮素收获指数以及夏玉米地上部生物量,较不施生物炭处理分别增加4.4%和2.9%、2.3%和3.0%、25.8%和13.5%、4.9%和6.1%、4.5%;氮肥单独配施生物炭可显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,且氮肥和生物炭具有显著的交互效应。施用脲酶抑制剂显著增加夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,较不施脲酶抑制剂处理分别提高1.5%和3.0%;氮肥单独配施脲酶抑制剂可提高夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,但氮肥与脲酶抑制剂无显著...     

生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白抗紫外能力影响

为了研究生物炭对紫外线的防护作用,以豆壳烧制的生物炭作为载体,研究生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白的吸附行为以及生物炭对Cry1Ac蛋白的紫外保护作用。使用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X-射线粉末衍射以及傅立叶红外光谱等手段对生物炭的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明,生物炭是典型的多孔结构材料,表面具有丰富的官能团。Cry1Ac蛋白与生物炭吸附平衡时间为50 min,最合适的吸附浓度比（生物炭：蛋白）为1：100,二者吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型。在UVB紫外照射4 h后,生物炭与Cry1Ac蛋白复合物对棉铃虫的生物活性是单纯蛋白的4.93倍,显示生物炭具有较好的紫外抵抗效果。研究结果初步表明,制备得到的生物炭能够显著提高Cry1Ac蛋白的抗紫外能力,为后续研发耐受紫外线的农药剂型提供新材料。     

生物炭对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤理化性状及辣椒生长的影响

为探究生物炭对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤肥力提升和作物生长的影响。通过盆栽试验,研究不同添加量的生物炭对辣椒生物学性状、产量以及复配土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明:复配土比例为1∶1时,A2处理使茎叶鲜质量、干质量增加81.4%、80.5%,单果长、单果茎粗增加15.1%、21.0%,土壤有效磷含量增加11.08 mg·kg-1,对土壤pH和全盐量影响不大。复配土比例为1∶2时,B2处理下果实鲜质量、干质量增加39.7%、40.2%,茎叶鲜质量、干质量增加28.1%、29.5%、根鲜质量、干质量增加35.0%、22.0%,单果长、单果茎粗分别增加12.1%、13.0%,单株结果数增加119.8%,产量最高且土壤pH和盐分变化不大。复配土为1∶5时,添加生物炭对辣椒生长发育和产量积累产生抑制。因此,该试验条件下,建议1∶1和1∶2的复配土生物炭添加量为2%,1∶5的复配土不建议施用生物炭。     

辽河平原玉米田不同施肥下的土壤氨挥发特征

【目的】通过不同施肥措施对氨气排放贡献的研究,获得辽河平原化肥施用本地化的氨排放因子,为大气环境和生态等领域的相关研究提供参考借鉴。【方法】于2018年5—10月在沈阳农业大学试验基地开展不同施肥措施下的氨气排放的大田试验,以基肥施树脂包衣缓释化肥、拔节期追施尿素为常规施肥方式,设置无氮处理（T0）、常规施肥减半（T1）、常规施肥+生物炭（T2）、常规施肥一次性施入（T3）、常规施肥（T4）5个处理。采用通气法在玉米全生育期内定时收集氨气,利用流动分析仪检测计算氨排放通量,同时测定土壤铵态氮含量。【结果】施基肥后氨挥发速率呈现双峰趋势,各处理分别于施基肥后第1—2天或第5—7天达到氨挥发速率最大值,施基肥后各处理氨挥发速率最大值表现为：常规施肥减半（T1）>常规施肥+生物炭（T2）>常规施肥一次性施入（T3）>常规施肥（T4）>无氮处理（T0）;施追肥后各处理均于第1—2天达到氨挥发速率最大值,追肥后各处理氨挥发速率最大值表现为：常规施肥（T4）>常规施肥+生物炭（T2）>常规施肥减半（T1）>常规施肥一次性施入（T3）>无氮处理（T0）。氨挥发损失累积量表现为常规施肥+生物炭（T2)>常规施肥（T4）>常规施肥一次性施入（T3）>常规施肥减半（T1）>无氮处理（T0）。各时期各处理间的土壤铵态氮含量差异并不显著,但土壤铵态氮含量和同时期土壤氨挥发速率呈现出相似的变化趋势,施追肥后两者的变化趋势比施基肥后更加相似。由于T1、T2、T4追肥期施尿素,尿素释放铵态氮比缓释化肥更加迅速,同时氨挥发也相对较快。整体来看,减少50%施氮量,氨挥发损失累积量只减少20%。各处理间生长季内氨挥发损失累积量差异显著,常规施肥+生物炭（T2）的氨挥发损失累积量最多,在施氮量相同的情况下,加施生物炭氨挥发损失累积量增加22%。全生长季施氮量相同的情况下,一次性施入缓释化肥而不采取尿素追肥的措施比以尿素作为追肥的措施的氨挥发累积量减少12%。【结论】氨挥发随着施氮量增加呈现边际递减效应。生物炭促进了农田氨挥发,玉米秸秆生物炭呈碱性,导致了氨挥发累积量的增加,但其具有孔隙度和比表面积大、吸附效果强的特点,可改良土壤和减少其他温室气体。一次性施入缓释化肥而不采取尿素追肥显著降低了氨挥发。