纯电驱动工程机械自动怠速系统参数优化与试验

针对工程机械节能需求,考虑挖掘机的典型工况,以保证在取消怠速恢复工作时执行器入口能快速建立压力为目标,提出一种基于蓄能器的二级怠速控制系统,通过检测先导手柄压力、液压泵出口压力、执行器入口压力和蓄能器压力等作为判断条件,制定驱动电机转速切换规则。对影响怠速过程的关键元件液压蓄能器的性能参数进行分析,以选定的蓄能器参数在某1.5 t纯电驱动挖掘机上进行试验,结果表明所提出的二级自动怠速控制系统能在两级怠速之间切换,且具有蓄能器的自动怠速系统,与无自动怠速控制的系统相比,节能达36%;与无蓄能器的自动怠速系统相比,恢复工作时执行器压力建立更迅速,压力更平稳,具有较好的操作稳定性。     

植物多样性促进种支配局域空间多样性结构

生物多样性的形成和维持机制一直是生态学关注的核心议题,检验了温带森林群落多样性格局组建过程中生态位理论所强调的确定性过程与中性理论所关注的随机过程的相对重要性,并且量化了二者所起作用的空间尺度。在520 m ×420 m中龄林动态监测样地树种空间定位数据的基础上,采用单物种-面积关系模型量化了特定树种对局域范围物种多样性的影响,同时利用同质性泊松过程和异质性泊松过程来检验目标物种偏离中性状态的显著性程度。研究结果表明,除红松、长白落叶松和青杨外,绝大多数树种在小尺度上表现为多样性促进种。植物多样性促进种和中性种共同支配了林分空间多样性格局,但二者所起作用的相对大小与空间尺度密切相关。多样性促进种比例随着空间尺度增加而减小,中性种比例随着空间尺度增加而增大,抑制种比例维持在较低水平且变化不大;在中小尺度上,植物多样性促进种在群落中占据绝对优势,而在大尺度上中性种则占优势。因此,中性理论所关注的随机过程和生态位理论强调的确定性过程相互耦合,共同决定了温带中龄林群落空间多样性格局的组建过程。     

Silicon nutrition of tomato and bitter gourd with special emphasis on silicon distribution in root fractions

Two plant species, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), were used for in‐depth studies on the dynamics of silicon (Si) uptake and translocation to the shoots and compartmentation of Si in the roots. The experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solutions, which were partly amended with 1 mM Si in the form of silicic acid. At harvest, xylem exudates were collected, and Si concentrations and biomass of roots and shoots were determined. Mass flow of Si was calculated based on the Si concentration of the nutrient solution and transpiration determined in a parallel experiment. Plant roots were subjected to a fractionated Si analysis, allowing attributing Si to different root compartments. Silicon concentrations in the roots compared to the shoots were higher in tomato but lower in bitter gourd. A more ready translocation from the roots to the shoots in bitter gourd was in agreement with Si concentrations in the xylem exudates which were higher than in the external solution. In tomato, the xylem‐sap Si concentration was lower than in the nutrient solution. Calculated Si mass flow to the root exceeded Si uptake in tomato, which was consistent with the measured accumulation of Si in the root water‐free space (WFS). In contrast, Si concentration in the root WFS was lower than in the nutrient solution in bitter gourd, reflecting the calculated Si depletion at the root surface based on the comparison of Si mass flow and Si uptake. Within the roots, more than 80% of the total Si was located in the cell wall and less than 10% in the cytoplasmic fractions in tomato. In bitter gourd, between 60% and 70% of the total root Si was attributed to the cell‐wall fraction whereas the proportion of the cytoplasmic fraction reached more than 30%. Our results clearly confirm that tomato belongs to the Si excluders and bitter gourd to the Si‐accumulator plant species for which high Si concentrations in the cytoplasmic root fraction appear to be characteristic.     

Assessment of microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a copper accumulator and a non-accumulator

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals from soils. However, assessments of bacterial activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of accumulators have been largely ignored. We studied potential effects of a copper (Cu)-accumulator, Elsholtzia splendens, and a non-Cu-accumulator plant, Trifolium repens, on soil microbial activity and community composition with increasing Cu addition. The results showed that concentrations of Cu in the shoots of E. splendens were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 times those of T. repens under the treatment of different Cu concentrations. Soil microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of E. splendens were higher than those of T.repens. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that addition of Cu decreased the number of bands in bare soil and soil with T. repens. However, there was a significant increase in the number of bands in soil with E. splendens incorporated with either 200 or 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The abundances of five phylogenetic groups related most closely to -, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and CFB group, respectively, were determined in the rhizosphere of plants. Some specific clone such as E13 (metal-contaminated soil clone K20-64) was found in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Results indicated that E. splendens, as a Cu-accumulator, played an important role in governing soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere in response to Cu stress.     

美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)--一种新的Mn积累植物

通过野外调查和水培试验,研究了锰在美州商陆体内积累情况及对其生长发育的影响,发现并鉴定出美洲商陆(Phytolacca am ericana L.)是一种新的M n积累植物。调查结果发现,美洲商陆对土壤中高含量的锰有很强的忍耐、吸收和积累能力,叶片中M n含量为5160￣8000m g·kg-1,平均为6490m g·kg-1。营养液培养试验证明,美洲商陆对生长介质中的M n有很强的忍耐能力,当生长介质中M n浓度高达10m m ol·L-1,叶片中M n含量达到11.76g·kg-1,植株仍生长正常。地上部M n含量及其积累量均随生长介质中M n浓度的增加而增加,当生长介质中M n浓度为50m m ol·L-1时,叶片中M n含量达到47.06g·kg-1。结果表明,美洲商陆是我国发现的一种新的M n积累植物,为今后探明植物积累M n的机理和M n污染土壤的植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。     

Nutritional characteristics of the leaves of native plants growing in adverse soils of humid tropical lowlands

Acid sulfate, peat, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed inthe lowlands of Thailand and Malaysia. The nutrient concentrations in theleaves of plants grown in these type of soils were studied with the aim ofdeveloping a nutritional strategy for adapting to such problem soils. In sagoand oil palms that were well-adapted to peat soil, the N, P, and Kconcentrations were the same in the mature leaves, while the Ca, Mg, Na,and Fe concentrations were higher in the mature leaves of the oil palm thanof the sago palm. Melastoma malabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi plantsthat were well-adapted to low pH soils, peat, and acid sulfate soils were alsostudied. It was observed that a high amount of Al accumulated in the M.marabathricum leaves, while Al did not accumulate in M. cajuputi leaves.M. cajuputi plants accumulated large amounts of Na in their leaves or stemsregardless of the exchangeable Na concentration in the soil, while M.malabathricum that was growing in saline-affected soils excluded Na.Positive relationships between macronutrients were recognized between Pand N, between K and N, and between P and K. Al showed antagonisticrelationships with P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Na. Na also showedantagonistic relationships with P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al. Fe showed weakantagonistic relationships with Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al.     

Cadmium accumulation in Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore (Compositae) in heavy-metal polluted soils and Cd-added conditions in hydroponic and pot cultures

Abstract

We have identified Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore (Compositae) as a cadmium (Cd)-accumulator plant in a heavy-metal polluted environment. In soil polluted with Cd, 5.7–17.5 mg kg^?1 Cd, concentrations in the above-ground plant tissues were measured as 14.6–78.6 mg kg^?1 with transfer factors in the above-ground plant tissues (concentration in above-ground tissues/soil concentration) of 1.5–6.0. No other toxic heavy metals or plant micronutrients were found to have accumulated into the above-ground plant tissues. In a hydroponic culture with 1 µmol L^?1 Cd added to Hoagland's nutrient solution, Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues was 121.0 mg kg^?1, with a transfer factor of more than 1000. In a pot culture carried out for 9 weeks in a greenhouse, the highest Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues, 121.2 mg kg^?1, was found in a treatment with 5 mg kg^?1 Cd, whereas the highest Cd content in an above-ground plant tissue, 106.1 µg, was found in a treatment with 2 mg kg^?1 Cd. These results clearly showed that C. crepidioides is a Cd accumulator. In all samples, the Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues was higher than that in the roots. The results obtained in the present study show that this plant has a strong potential for use in phytoremediation in farm fields contaminated with Cd.     

混种不同生态型富集植物对镉胁迫樱桃幼苗磷钾养分吸收的影响

为研究混种不同生态型富集植物(矿山生态型和非矿山生态型)对镉胁迫条件下樱桃植株养分吸收的影响,通过盆栽试验研究镉胁迫樱桃(甜心樱桃、那翁樱桃)与采自铅锌矿区(镉污染土)和农田(非污染土)的小飞蓬、龙葵和马唐混种对其根系和地上部分全磷和全钾含量的影响。结果表明,樱桃与小飞蓬混种后磷钾含量明显高于与龙葵、马唐混种的含量,且矿山生态型小飞蓬要优于农田生态型小飞蓬。就甜心樱桃而言,与矿山生态型小飞蓬混种后根系磷钾含量分别增加了7.89%、25.56%,地上部分磷钾含量分别增加了29.54%、60.38%;就那翁樱桃而言,与矿山生态型小飞蓬混种后根系磷钾含量分别增加了5.37%、15.67%,地上部磷钾含量分别增加了16.17%、56.52%。因此,樱桃与矿山生态型小飞蓬混种最有利于其对磷钾养分的吸收。另外,除矿山生态型马唐外,其他不同生态型小飞蓬、龙葵以及农田生态型马唐在与樱桃混种后,磷钾含量都有不同程度的增加。混种后,所有植物生物量都有不同程度的减少。     

镉胁迫下不同生态型富集植物混种樱桃幼苗对土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]研究镉胁迫条件下,两种生态型(矿山和农田)富集植物与樱桃幼苗混种对土壤酶活性的影响,为镉污染区樱桃科学生产提供参考。[方法]将甜心樱桃和那翁樱桃幼苗分别与两种生态型的镉富集植物小飞蓬、龙葵、马唐混种,测定土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤脲酶和土壤蔗糖酶活性。[结果]甜心樱桃混种矿山生态型马唐的土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶活性均最高,分别较甜心樱桃单种提高了41.07%和57.53%。那翁樱桃混种农田生态型小飞蓬的土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高,混种矿山生态型马唐的土壤脲酶活性最高。樱桃幼苗混种两种生态型富集植物后,只有甜心樱桃混种农田生态型小飞蓬、那翁樱桃混种矿山生态型马唐、那翁樱桃混种农田生态型马唐提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性。[结论]镉胁迫条件下,与樱桃混种以提高土壤酶活性的首选材料是矿山生态型马唐,其次为农田生态型小飞蓬。     

Observations on Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity in Some Australian Native Plants

Analysis and research on the nutrition of some Australian native plants as well as diagnostic analysis of failed native plant gardens reinforces the view that manganese (Mn) availability is a major factor in the edaphology and cultivation of Australian native species. Yellow Kandosol soils on sandstone show a unique endemic floral assemblage. These soils show low total soil Mn levels of only 20–30 mg/kg. Despite this, endemic species such as Eucalyptus haemastoma and Acacia suaveolens show greater foliar Mn levels (around 291 and 389 mg/kg, respectively) than iron (Fe) levels, with Fe/Mn ratios as low as 0.14 and 0.27. During pot trial work on artificial soils created from crushed sandstone and green waste compost that were designed to research phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) nutrition, some interesting data on Mn uptake were collected. Levels of foliar Mn as high as 1250 and 389 mg/kg, respectively, accumulated in E. haemastoma and A. suaveolens when soils were artificially acidified to pH 4.7 (CaCl₂) using ferrous sulfate. These Mn levels were associated with visible toxicity symptoms in foliage of E. haemastoma but not in A. suaveolens. Foliar Mn in both species showed a strong inverse correlation (R² > 0.93) with soil pH. Previous research has shown that eucalypts from this floral assemblage are prone to Mn toxicity when grown in conditions of high soil Mn availability. Diagnostic analysis of soils and foliage for a client with horticultural problems in a native plant landscape showed severe chlorosis in a wide range of native species due to Mn deficiency induced by neutral soil pH (around 7.0 in CaCl₂). Such soil pHs are considerably greater than those of the plant’s natural distribution. Despite apparently elevated soil P and the appearance of what looked like P toxicity, foliar P levels were not sufficiently elevated to conclude acute P toxicity but rather simple and severe Mn deficiency. The work suggests that induced Mn deficiency and toxicity may be underdiagnosed problems in the cultivation of many Australian native plants.