域外司法问责研究——以主体、事由与程序为中心的考察

域外司法问责以美、法、德、日等诸国最为发达,其制度的核心架构由问责主体、事由和程序来建构,并在规制法官行为与维护司法独立之间实行审慎平衡原则。因而问责主体的设置在强调立法权、行政权对司法权制衡的同时,又突出了司法自治主义;问责事由的确定既要从维护司法公信力角度来对法官言行实行严格标准,又要避免对法官司法裁判的不当干涉;问责程序的选择决定了惩戒的轻重,是以一种多元化、多层次的方式来进行,可以使不同主体均有机会启动司法问责,在对法官形成有效威慑的同时又提供了必要的保护。     

Reinventing rural development in Vietnam: Discursive constructions of grassroots democracy during the renovation reform

Over the past decades Vietnam has seen striking efforts to reinvent the exercise of democratic rural development. Promotion of grassroots democracy, notably under the Grassroots Democracy Decree (GDD), has been an acute response by Communist Party and government to large scale unrest among the rural populace owing to dissatisfactions with a felt mismatch between espoused commitments to ‘good governance’ and its actual practice. Through evidence from field work, this paper assesses the implications of the GDD in the central and northern highlands, analyzing how the promotion of grassroots democracy is discursively constructed by rural development professionals. The results outline three dominant discourses, which center on their respective interests in liberalist democratization, improved efficiency in state renovation, and enhanced accountability in governing local policy ambiguities. It argues that ‘grassroots democracy’ is serving as a conceptual mediator, supporting learning between diverging interests associated with rural development and different ideological positions shrouding the notion of democracy itself. Yet, given the extent that discourses are reflective of how professionals relate to grassroots aspirations, grassroots movements, which originally ushered the Party and central government to pass the GDD, have a significant struggle ahead of them to affect concrete changes in professionals' practices.     

表见之被代理人可归责性探讨

表见代理是我国民法中一项重要的民事法律制度,其构成要件早在《合同法》的起草过 程中就产生了两种学说,现在法律对于表见代理的构成要件中是否应当考虑被代理人可归责性 因素仍然留白。随着市场交易的快速发展,交易安全的考虑越来越受到人们的重视,表见代理的 案例也逐渐增多,表见代理制度本身的缺陷也随之显现,为弥补缺陷应当将被代理人的可归责性 因素加入到其构成要件之中且应参照风险归责的标准予以判断。     

碳减排领域内“共同但有区别责任原则”的历史性辩驳

针对共同但有区别责任的历史性,在2011年南非德班气候大会上西方发达国家又提出新的观点,即：根据排放当时的科学技术水平,二氧化碳会引起全球气候变暖从而威胁人类生存并不为人类所知,并且当时排放温室气体的主体已经消逝,所以由发达国家承担量化减排责任缺乏法律依据。发达国家这一论点的本质在于逃避发达国家在历史上所欠下的气候债。无论从正义论的角度还是从国际环境责任归责原则的角度出发,发达国家的论点都是无法成立的。解决气候变化问题,国家自愿、有限主权让渡应当代替国家间博弈。     

领导干部自然资源资产离任审计问责探析

领导干部自然资源资产离任审计制度已经结束试点,开始在全国范围正式施行,然而其基本理论仍需继续完善。只有完善审计的问责机制,才能让审计成果落到实处,真正保育自然资源资产。领导干部自然资源资产离任审计问责应当厘清问责程序,建立多元问责主体,明确问责对象。在责任的界定上,不应套用经济责任审计中的责任区分形式,而是统一定性为直接责任,根据领导干部实施的环境行政行为的不同,分为决策责任、执行责任和监管责任。在明确了承担责任的大小、轻重之后,让被审计对象承担社会责任、审计责任、组织责任、党纪监察责任及法律责任。     

学报发行应建立"问责制"

作为主办单位的“窗口”,学报的发行往往与编辑职能混于一体,没有单独设立相应机构,发行数量长期偏低。阐述了学报发行现状,指出发行量过低的危害,提出学报发行“问责制”设想:成立学报发行委员会,负责承担发行责任;成立学报发行部(室);举办学报发行研讨会或年会等。并就搞好“问责制”应注意的几个问题加以说明。     

Asset Management Programmes for Financial Planning and Management in Irrigation and Drainage

This paper presents a framework for the use of asset management programs for short, medium and long-term financial planning and management of irrigation and drainage systems. Asset management plans provide decision-makers the information on costs of infrastructure and their management in different stages of the financial management cycle. Their use is clarified for defining service levels and their associated costs, allocation of cost to specific services, defining charges and service fees and preparing budgets and subsidy arrangements for operation, maintenance, rehabilitation or modernisation of infrastructure.     

高等学校分权管理的经济责任思考

针对高等学校分权管理的趋势,分析了高等学校经济责任中心的特征,阐明了经济责任中心的类型,提出了经济责任中心的考核思路和方法.     

Elite capture,the “follow-up checks” policy,and the targeted poverty alleviation program: Evidence from rural western China

Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs. A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture. China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program, the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA) policy, to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020. As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world, TPA's successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports. Since 2015, a targeting correction mechanism, called "follow-up checks" policy, has been introduced. With the "follow-up checks" policy, the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program. This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017-two years after implementing the "follow-up checks" policy. We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA. The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites. Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA. We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the "follow-up checks" policy. Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.     

Community-Based Ecosystem Monitoring

Abstract

Community-based ecosystem monitoring refers to a range of observation and measurement activities involving participation by community members and designed to learn about ecological and social factors affecting a community. This chapter presents observations from community-based ecosystem monitoring activities throughout the United States. It discusses factors leading to the emergence of community-based ecosystem monitoring, multiparty monitoring and its role in building social capital, the monitoring process, the integration of social and ecological factors, and ongoing challenges in community-based monitoring. Sidebars illustrate the chapter's central themes and lessons with examples from particular community monitoring initiatives. Community-based monitoring has been motivated by concern for special places, in response to perceived environmental threats, and as part of an effort to overcome longstanding conflict between diverse stakeholder groups. Multiparty monitoring has the potential to address each of these needs. Significant challenges include achieving effective, diverse community participation, integrating social indicators into ecosystem monitoring and analysis, identifying an appropriate level of rigor for specific monitoring objectives, and effectively integrating monitoring into an adaptive decisionmaking process.