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Groundnut rosette virus disease (GRVD) is the major constraint to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) production in Uganda. It is principally transmitted by the groundnut aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch). The disease is known to cause total crop failure in cases where susceptible varieties are used. During any particular season, GRVD displays variations in incidence and severity in different agro-ecologies within the country, but the reasons for the varying disease patterns remain unclear. This study was aimed at establishing the factors influencing the occurrence of GRVD in Uganda. Trials were established for three seasons in four groundnut growing locations situated in different agro-ecologies in Uganda. Four groundnut genotypes were used as treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Disease progress and aphid populations were assessed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after planting. Data on environmental factors; particularly rainfall, temperature and wind speed were obtained from standard meteorological stations located at/near the study sites. Soil samples and yield data were also obtained in each season. The study revealed that disease incidence; severity and groundnut yields were significantly affected by season, location and genotype. The same applied to their three way interactions. Levels of disease infection were found to be majorly influenced by rainfall and wind speed. Disease incidence and severity were generally higher in conditions with less rainfall and low wind speeds. The Pearson's two tailed correlation between total rainfall and disease incidence for all trial sites was negative and highly significant (r = −0.280, P ≤ 0.01). The same was true for wind speed and disease incidence (r = −0.476, P ≤ 0.01). However, there was no conclusive trend between temperature and disease incidence with the Pearson's two tailed correlation showing significantly positive and negative trends depending on location. 相似文献
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在分析坝上地区生态环境现状的基础上,对坝上地区风力发电的优势进行了相关研究,并提出了开发风电的思路。 相似文献
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改良土壤物理性质是提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的主要途径之一。通过人工模拟降雨试验、风蚀试验和野外原位观测试验,研究了不同玉米秸秆汁土壤改良剂喷施方式下黄绵土抗侵蚀能力的改良效果,探讨了玉米秸秆汁防治土壤侵蚀的机理。结果表明,玉米秸秆汁能有效防治黄绵土的水蚀和风蚀。在模拟降雨条件下,喷施玉米秸秆汁的试验处理,黄绵土溅蚀量较对照处理降低24.7%~78.3%,黄土坡面的径流量和片蚀量分别降低40.0%~43.3%和20.9%~34.5%;在天然降雨条件下,无论是短历时低强度或长历时低强度的降雨类型,还是短历时高强度的降雨类型,喷施玉米秸秆汁的试验处理,黄土坡面的径流量和片蚀量较对照处理明显减少,二者的减少幅度分别介于26.3%~62.1%和58.3%~72.0%之间;在不同风速下,玉米秸秆汁可使黄绵土的风蚀量降低24.5%~64.6%。此外,喷施玉米秸秆汁后的静置时间及翻耕与否对不同类型的侵蚀也有重要影响。喷施玉米秸秆汁可有效提高黄绵土的抗剪强度、硬度及大团聚体的百分含量,从而降低土壤侵蚀量。施用玉米秸秆汁后,黄绵土静水崩解量降低了97.4%~98.5%、土壤抗剪强度增加了97.9%~140.0%、土壤硬度增加了11.4%~127.5%;0.25 mm团聚体降低了46.9%~51.6%;2 mm团聚体增加了88.1%~129.7%。玉米秸秆汁是一种良好的防治坡面水蚀和风蚀的土壤改良剂,在施用玉米秸秆汁时,应尽量一次喷施完毕并避免人为土壤扰动。 相似文献
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N. Zapata E. Playán A. Martínez-Cob I. Sánchez J.M. Faci S. Lecina 《Agricultural Water Management》2007
In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurised irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler-irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2.8 m s−1. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for 11 irrigation seasons, 2 triangular sprinkler spacings (18 m × 18 m and 18 m × 15 m), and 2 sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s−1), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The standard strategy classified the time as suitable for irrigation when CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The thresholds limits of the irrigation parameters for the relaxed strategy were CU ≥ 80% and WDEL ≤ 25%. Finally, the restrictive strategy used thresholds of CU ≥ 90% and WDEL ≤ 15%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed. 相似文献
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针对风洞6自由度并联支撑机器人,利用单支链D-H参数方法和摄动法建立了其运动误差模型,编写了误差模型仿真程序。根据风洞实验所需的6种典型运动模式,分析了不同模式下并联支撑机器人输出运动位姿的误差,得到了典型运动模式的误差变化规律。在风洞并联支撑机器人的构件设计和装配过程进行了针对性的误差控制,使设计和制造的并联支撑机器人精度达到了风洞实验的要求,并通过在风洞实验中嵌入与运动误差仿真类似的误差估算程序,再对风洞实验中被试模型的位姿误差进行补偿,实验证明这种方法提高了风洞实验数据的精度。 相似文献