Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.     

湟源县30年0℃活动积温变化特征分析

本文探索了湟源县30年0℃活动积温的变化特征,一是对年际变化特征、高积温年、低积温年进行特征分析;二是将湟源县1987—2016年的0℃活动积温划分为3个10年际进行分析。详细分析内容为不同尺度下的积温最高值、最低值、平均值、极差和距平差。结果表明,30年0℃活动积温整体呈上升趋势,前期11年(1987—1997年)积温均为负距平;中期8年(1998—2005年)积温小幅震荡,后期11年(2006—2016年)积温均为正距平。30年的0℃活动积温平均值为2209.49℃·d,1987年0℃活动积温为最低值1 953.00℃·d;2013年0℃活动积温为最高值2 496.40℃·d。     

On-farm evaluation of an active optical sensor performance for variable nitrogen application in winter wheat

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) represents almost 50% of total cereal production in the European Union, accounting for approximately 25% of total mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to all crops. Currently, several active optical sensor (AOS) based systems for optimizing variable N fertilization are commercially available for a variety of crops, including wheat. To ensure successful adoption of these systems, definitive measurable benefits must be demonstrated. Nitrogen management strategies developed based on small-scale plot research are not always meaningful for large-scale farm conditions. In 2010–2012 (5 site-years) on-farm study was implemented in northern Poland utilizing a strip-trial design. The objective was to evaluate the performance of AOS in combination with a built-in algorithm for variable N rate fertilization. In this study, the reference uniform N rates (farmer’s practice) were comparable to optimum variable N rate recommendations. Side-by-side comparisons of uniform and variable N application revealed inconsistent benefits in terms of grain yield, grain protein content (GPC), N use and N use efficiency (NUE). Anticipated yield increases and/or reduced N rates are typical drivers for AOS adoption. Significant yield increases are not easily attained on farms with winter wheat yields already close to maximum yield potential. Thus, sensor-based variable N rate recommendations for fields previously fertilized with relatively low uniform N rates would often entail more appropriate allocation (redistribution) of the same amount of total N. This would minimize N surplus in areas of lower productivity and to improve the sustainability of N management overall.     

LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETERS FOR THE INDUCED-NOZZLE DEVICE

The standoff of a submerged jet is smaller than a non-submerged jet in general. In order to increase the standoff of a submerged jet, the induced-nozzle device is presented with its inducing mechanism analysed in this paper. Under the various inducing medium, the effect of the ratio d2/d1 upon the device's properties is measured. Some reasonable parameters are given. When d2/d1=2.0, approximate straight region of the curve of the jet center line stagnation pressure varying with the standoff is L/d1= l0~12 for inducing air. The induced-nozzle device is compared with the conventional nozzle for shotting some samples. Several applied possibilities of the device are discussed.     

喷油嘴流量系数对柴油机性能的影响

研究了喷油嘴流量系数变化对单缸直喷柴油机性能的影响。结果表明,增大流量系数对ZH1105柴油机标定工况和低速大转矩工况的烟度和燃油消耗率有明显影响。通过对燃油喷雾的分析,揭示了流量系数影响柴油机性能的原因。     

缩放型喷嘴空化射流空泡云演化规律的试验研究

基于高速摄影技术对缩放型喷嘴进行空化射流试验,以揭示不同进口压力下空化射流流场特性,分析进口压力对空泡云演化规律的影响.结果表明:淹没式空化射流形成的泡云呈周期性变化,即在1个周期内包含空化初生、发展、脱落、溃灭4个不同阶段,并在空泡云脱落时达到最大的空泡面积、密度和宽度.由于随着射流入口压力的增大,喷嘴形成的射流速度加快,在射流边界层内速度梯度增大、射流核心区与伴随流的剪切作用增强,高速射流所产生的空泡云长度、面积和密度均呈增大趋势.同时,随着进口压力的增大,边界层内湍动能增大,加剧了部分流体的不规则运动,导致空泡云边界更加模糊且呈交错分布,空泡云的脱落频率不断增大.研究结果对提高空化射流在金属材料强化和石油钻井、破岩等领域的应用具有重要的理论意义和指导价值.     

轧花机变频调速参数自调整模糊控制系统

通过对ＭＹ－１２１轧花机的内部结构及工作原理的研究，指出现行籽棉物流控制系统的不足，研制了模糊智能变频调速系统，控制方案已在计算机上实现，并用于棉厂实时控制，该模糊控制系统运行结果是令人鼓舞，极大地改善了控制精度，稳定了扎花生产。     

PWM变量喷雾系统动态雾滴分布均匀性实验

由于PWM变量喷雾作业过程中喷头不连续作业,喷雾的均匀性特别是喷雾机运动方向上的均匀性较难控制,为此通过高速电磁阀、不锈钢压力罐、压力传感器、气泵、调速输送带等构建了一套动态PWM变量喷雾实验平台,并对该平台动态喷雾雾滴分布特性进行实验研究。采用水敏试纸作为获取动态雾滴分布状态手段,通过图像处理技术以区域内雾滴覆盖率的变异系数作为动态雾滴分布均匀性判定指标,评估了在不同PWM控制信号频率、不同PWM控制信号占空比及不同喷雾压力下的单个喷头动态雾滴分布均匀程度。经实验表明,变异系数随控制信号占空比的增大而减小,控制信号频率对动态喷雾雾滴分布均匀性有较大影响,变异系数随控制信号频率增大而减小,喷雾压力对变异系数影响较小,喷雾压力越大变异系数越大。     

The feasibility of using variable rate water application under a central pivot irrigation system

The purpose of this paper was to assess the feasibility and significance of applying spatially variable irrigation under a central pivot system at the Federal German Agricultural Research Center, Braunschweig, Germany. The assessment was based on soil moisture holding capacity, soil depth variation and root development. Soil texture analysis was carried out by sampling on a 60 meter grid. The German Agro-Meteorological Model was applied to simulate the water balance in the crop-soil-atmosphere system for the growing season 2003/4. The research findings are presented in terms of six scenarios: 20, 30, 40 mm water application depths per irrigation under both variable rate application and uniform application. The comparison revealed that the loss of water was higher for the uniform application scenarios than that for the variable rate application (VRA) scenarios for the applications of 20 and 30 mm. The VRA scenario of 20 mm water application was found out to be the best option for water conservation.     

螺旋型喷嘴雾化及流量特性实验

分析了几种常用的表征液滴尺寸的参数以及喷嘴的流量及雾化特性,用因次分析的方法建立并回归了TF型喷嘴的雾化准则关系式。通过实验研究了TF6喷嘴的几种雾化液滴直径随喷雾压力变化的规律,建立了TF6喷嘴的流量与喷雾压力之间的关联式。实验表明,随着喷雾压力的升高,喷嘴的流量增大,雾滴的各种直径均降低,但喷雾压力对雾滴直径的影响是有限度的。