紫色土坡耕地埂坎水分衰减下土压力非线性分布

[目的]揭示紫色土坡耕地埂坎土压力分布特征及其影响因素,为三峡库区乃至长江上游地区的紫色土坡耕地埂坎优化设计、建设与维护提供科学依据。[方法]采用土槽模拟试验,向土槽注水至土壤基本饱和,使用静态应变仪分层采集土压力,采用烘干法测量各层土壤水分含量,分析土壤水分衰减过程中土压力变化特征。[结果]①土压力随着土层深度的增加呈非线性分布,表现为土压力先随着土层深度的增加而增大,在距离试验土槽底部0.375 H左右达到最大,然后又随着土层深度的增加而减小。②试验条件下,土壤水分饱和后随着时间的变化呈近似线性衰减,并对土压力产生了显著影响(p0.01),但不同土层间存在一定差异。③土层深度和土壤水分含量的交互效应对土压力的影响显著(p0.01)。[结论]三峡库区紫色土坡耕地埂坎土压力呈非线性分布,土层深度和土壤水分含量及其交互效应对埂坎土压力均存在显著影响。     

紫色土埂坎根-土复合体土水特性与抗剪强度

研究根-土复合体土-水特征曲线与抗剪强度的关系,可为紫色土埂坎根-土复合体强化机理的揭示与埂坎稳定性的维持提供科学依据。选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎草本植物根—土复合体为研究对象,结合Hyprop2土壤水分特征曲线测量仪、滤纸法与直剪试验,拟合土-水特征曲线,揭示基质吸力对根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:(1)根-土复合体土-水特征曲线明显分为边界效应区、过渡区与非饱和残余区,3种常用模型(B-C、VG、F-X)中F-X模型拟合该曲线效果最好,根-土复合体饱和含水率、进气吸力、残余区含水率以及相同体积含水率下的基质吸力均高于素土。(2)随着体积含水率降低,根-土复合体黏聚力先增大后减小,试验范围内黏聚力最大值51.25 kPa出现在体积含水率约23%时,内摩擦角则线性增大。相同体积含水率下,根-土复合体黏聚力较素土最大增加50%,内摩擦角提升不大。(3)基质吸力对根-土复合体抗剪强度的增强作用具有阶段性特征,各阶段临界吸力值与土-水特征曲线一致,过渡区(基质吸力为3~500 kPa)土体抗剪强度提高明显,进入非饱和残余区后(基质吸力>500 kPa)由于黏聚力下降,土体抗剪强度增速减慢,根-土复合体抗剪强度随基质吸力增大而提升的幅度大于素土。通过建立埂坎根-土复合体土-水特征曲线和抗剪强度的关系,可估测实际工况下的埂坎土体抗剪强度,进而为坡耕地埂坎的建设、维护管理以及坡耕地侵蚀阻控提供理论依据。     

Effect of indigenous stone bunding (kab) on crop yield at Mesobit‐Gedeba,North Shoa,Ethiopia

Stone bunding ( kab ) is an age‐old local conservation practice at Mesobit‐Gedeba. This study was conducted to assess the effect of this indigenous practice on crop yield. We compared original ground slope, terrace width, and slope position of the terraced area. The effect of slope width and slope position were found significant (p < 0·05) for both grain and biomass yields of the terraced sites. The mean grain and biomass yields decreased as the original ground slope of the terraced site increased. Both grain and biomass yields decreased with the width of the inter‐terrace area. Significant differences (p < 0·05) in mean grain and biomass yields were observed between the three slope positions. They decreased as one moved up the slope within the inter‐terrace area. In general, the study indicated that indigenous stone bunding has a positive effect on sorghum yield. Future studies should address different locations and crops and ways of integrating indigenous stone bunding with the current conservation programmes of the region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On-farm agroforestry research in extension programmes: methods used by BAIF in India

The BAIF Development Research Foundation initiated an agroforestry extension project in Pune District, India in 1984, following earlier on-station research on leuceana-based alley-cropping systems for fodder. In extension meetings, farmers expressed a strong preference for planting a wide range of multipurpose trees on farm bunds and borders rather than single-species alley-cropping. Researcher-managed trials of proposed multipurpose species grown with crops were initiated, but were of limited value. An alternative approach to research was begun in 1988. This approach included a survey of agroforestry practices established by farmers through extension, and collection of data on crop yields by distance from the tree line from a sample of these plots. Research methods are described and modifications suggested for improving the quality of this type of extension-based research.     

水分耗散下紫色土埂坎裂隙发育及影响因素

埂坎裂隙发育危害埂坎稳定性,进而影响埂坎水土保持作用的发挥.为揭示失水过程埂坎裂隙发育规律及其主要影响因素,以紫色土坡耕地埂坎为样地,采用模拟埂坎试验,研究不同初始含水率(25％,30％,35％)、干密度(1.3,1.4,1.5 g/cm3)和加筋量(0.05％,0.15％,0.25％)下裂隙发育过程,通过图像分析方法...     

紫色土埂坎典型草本根系摩阻特性对土壤含水率的响应

为进一步探索紫色土埂坎草本根-土界面摩阻特性与土壤含水率的关系,以紫色土埂坎常见稗草、马唐和牛筋草3种草本根系为研究对象,设置不同土壤含水率（5%、10%、15%、20%和25%）,通过直剪和拉拔摩阻试验测定草本根-土复合体的摩阻特性指标（黏聚力、摩擦系数、最大抗拔力和抗拔强度）,分析了土壤含水率对不同草本根-土界面摩阻特性的影响。结果表明：1）当含水率为15%和20% 时,根-土界面黏聚力达到较小值,而摩擦系数、最大抗拔力和抗拔强度达到较大值。2）3种草本根-土界面拉拔摩阻特性差异显著（P<0.01）,牛筋草根-土界面平均最大抗拔力和抗拔强度分别是马唐的1.18和1.30倍,是稗草的1.14和1.10倍。3） 草本根-土界面间抗剪强度和垂直荷载的关系服从莫尔-库伦准则。当含水率为20%和25%时,根-土界面间抗拔力达到较大值。4）在相同垂直荷载和土壤含水率条件下,牛筋草根-土界面抗剪强度显著高于马唐和稗草（P<0.05）。由此可知,牛筋草根系能增强紫色土埂坎稳定性,其根系对埂坎的加固作用约在土壤含水率为15%时效果最佳。研究结果可为三峡库区紫色土埂坎固埂护坡草本植物的筛选提供参考。     

Stone bunds for soil conservation in the northern Ethiopian highlands: Impacts on soil fertility and crop yield

In the Ethiopian highlands, large-scale stone bund building programs are implemented to curb severe soil erosion. Development of soil fertility gradients is often mentioned as the major drawback of stone bund implementation, as it would result in a dramatic lowering of crop yield. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to assess soil fertility gradients on progressive terraces and their influence on crop yield, in order to evaluate the long-term sustainability of stone bunds in the Ethiopian Highlands.

The study was performed near Hagere Selam, Tigray and comprises (i) measurement of P_av, N_tot and C_org along the slope on 20 representative plots and (ii) crop response measurement on 143 plots. Results indicate that levels of P_av, N_tot and C_org in the plough layer are highly variable between plots and mainly determined by small-scale soil and environmental features, plot history and management. After correcting for this “plot effect” a significant relationship (p < 0.01) was found between the position in the plot relative to the stone bund and levels of P_av and N_tot, which are higher near the lower stone bund, especially on limestone parent material. For C_org and on basalt-derived soils in general no significant relationship was found. Although soil fertility gradients are present, they are not problematic and can be compensated by adapted soil management. Only in areas where a Calcaric or Calcic horizon is present at shallow depth, care should be taken. Crop Yields increased by 7% compared to the situation without stone bunds, if a land occupation of 8% by the structures is accounted for. Yield increased from 632 to 683 kg ha⁻¹ for cereals, from 501 to 556 kg ha⁻¹ (11%) for Eragrostis tef and from 335 to 351 kg ha⁻¹ for Cicer arietinum.

No negative effects reducing stone-bund sustainability were found in this study. Soil erosion on the other hand, poses a major threat to agricultural productivity. Stone bund implementation therefore is of vital importance in fighting desertification and establishing sustainable agriculture in the Ethiopian highlands.     

紫色土坡耕地埂坎土壤抗剪性能对含水率的响应

选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎进行试验,通过室内三轴试验研究不同含水率(质量分数6%、11%、16%、21%、26%和31%)对埂坎土壤抗剪强度指标的影响,以深化紫色土坡耕地埂坎力学性质研究。结果表明:1)试验含水率范围内,紫色土坡耕地埂坎土壤黏聚力受含水率影响显著(P0.05),且随着含水率增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,明显的峰值出现在含水率质量分数11%左右,黏聚力为85.52 k Pa;2)埂坎土壤内摩擦角随含水率增加而减小,呈非线性衰减,符合一阶指数衰减规律。高含水率时,衰减缓慢;3)紫色土坡耕地埂坎抗剪强度受含水率变化影响显著(P0.05),埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率和围压的变化明显且具有规律性。相同围压下,埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率增大而迅速减小,即土体的抗剪强度降低。相同含水率下,极限主应力差随围压增大而增大,低含水率时增加明显,高含水率时增加缓慢。当含水率质量分数达到26%左右,埂坎土壤抗剪强度趋于低值;4)紫色土埂坎土壤的应力-应变曲线随含水率递增依次呈现应变软化型、硬化型和弱硬化型。研究结果可为三峡库区高标准基本农田等工程的埂坎建设提供依据和技术支撑。     

紫色丘陵区坡耕地生物埂的蓄水保土效应

【目的】研究紫色丘陵区坡耕地生物埂的蓄水保土效应。【方法】采用土壤物理性质及土壤力学分析等综合性研究手段,对4种紫色丘陵区坡耕地生物埂措施的蓄水保土效应及其影响因素进行研究。【结果】（1）不同生物埂措施的土壤总孔隙度表现为桑树埂＞花椒埂＞紫花苜蓿埂＞自然生草埂;生物埂土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和平均入渗率变化趋势一致,依次为桑树埂＞花椒埂＞紫花苜蓿埂＞自然生草埂。（2）生物埂土壤有效库容与对照自然生草埂相比差异明显（P＜0.05）,表现为木本埂＞草埂＞对照自然生草埂;在生物埂蓄水过程中,土壤的非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度越大,土壤入渗性能越好,土壤水库库容越大;生物埂土壤容重越大,则土壤渗透性和通透性越差,导致土壤无效库容越大,坡耕地农作物水分利用困难。（3）生物埂土壤抗剪强度表现为紫花苜蓿埂（0.38 kg•cm-2）＞花椒埂（0.25 kg•cm-2）＞桑树埂（0.22 kg•cm-2）＞自然生草埂（0.18 kg•cm-2）,内摩擦角以花椒埂最大（20.76°）;生物埂土壤内摩擦角与机械组成分形维数、土壤初始含水率之间呈显著负相关,与微团聚体分形维数呈显著正相关;土壤黏聚力和抗剪强度与机械组成分形维数呈显著负相关,与土壤分散率呈显著正相关,与微团聚体分形维数相关性不显著。【结论】由于紫色丘陵区生物埂措施对土壤孔隙结构等物理性质具有改良作用,提高了土壤有效库容,这对抵御坡耕地季节性干旱作用成效明显;同时也增强了土壤抗剪强度,使得地埂抵抗降雨和径流剪切的能力增强,保证了坡耕地土地生产力的稳定。     

Runoff water harvesting for dry spell mitigation for cowpea in the savannah belt of Nigeria

Cowpea yields obtained by smallholder farmers in the savannah belt of Nigeria are often less than the maximum obtainable yields because water deficit during critical growth stages is a common occurrence. Runoff harvesting to supplement direct rainfall may prove beneficial in improving current smallholder farming systems in this region. We study the effects of macro- and micro-catchments runoff harvesting, with or without in situ soil conservation, on cowpea yield in the savannah belt of Nigeria. The macro-catchments runoff harvesting (RH) experiment consisted of four treatments: conventional tillage and RH (CRH), zero tillage with RH (ZRH), reduced tillage with RH (RRH) and the direct rain fed (DR) treatment which served as the control in a randomized block design with four replicates. The micro-catchment experiment consisted of four treatments: runoff harvesting (RH), semi-circular bunds (SC), semi-circular bunds with runoff harvesting (SRH) and also direct rainfed (DR) in a randomized block design with four replicates. Results suggest that runoff harvesting can be used with existing conservation techniques. Applying harvested runoff water through supplemental irrigation provides the twin benefits of alleviating the prevailing slack periods and improving the yields of smallholder farming systems.