溶质类型与矿化度对半干旱盐渍化地区果园土壤水分有效性的影响

盐渍化土壤水分有效性是制约土地生产能力的关键因素之一。研究不同盐分类型及矿化度的盐溶液对土壤水分有效性的影响, 可为微咸水合理灌溉以及促进土壤生产潜力的发挥提供科学依据。本研究采用离心法在室内研究了脱水过程中灌溉水的溶质类型(NaCl和Na₂SO₄)与矿化度(0、1 g·L^-1、3 g·L^-1、5 g·L^-1、10 g·L^-1)对半干旱盐渍化地区果园土壤水分有效性的影响。结果表明: 不同矿化度的NaCl和Na2SO4处理均可使田间持水量、暂时萎蔫系数、永久萎蔫系数、迟效水和无效水较对照有所降低。不同矿化度的NaCl处理以及1 g·L^-1的Na₂SO₄处理土壤全有效水和速效水都较对照增加, 3 g·L^-1、5 g·L^-1和10 g·L^-1的Na₂SO₄处理土壤全有效水和速效水都较对照减小。不同矿化度的NaCl和Na₂SO₄处理均可使土壤通气孔隙和毛管孔隙相对减少, 非活性孔隙增大, 其中矿化度为5 g·L^-1的NaCl和Na₂SO₄处理对其影响最为明显, 通气孔隙分别较对照减小16.8%和14.8%, 毛管孔隙分别较对照减小5.2%和6.5%, 非活性孔隙分别较对照增加15.7%和14.4%。NaCl对于土壤比水容量和毛管断裂的延迟效果比NaSO₄明显。且土壤溶液盐分含量增加, 土壤持水能力下降、供水性能增加而土壤抗旱性降低。     

Supplemental saline drip irrigation applied at different growth stages of two bell pepper cultivars grown with or without mulch in non-saline soil

The effect of supplemental saline (2.5 dS m⁻¹) drip irrigation and black polyethylene mulch on two cultivars of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) was investigated under field conditions using a randomized complete block design with split-split plot restriction. The research included six irrigation treatments (main plots): (i) non-saline irrigation control applied throughout growth (None), (ii) saline irrigation from transplanting until formation of the first fruit set (S1S2), (iii) saline irrigation from transplanting until appearance of the first flower and from first harvest to final harvest (S1S4), (iv) saline irrigation from appearance of the first flower to first harvest (S2S3), (v) saline irrigation from fruit set to final harvest (S3S4), and (vi) saline irrigation throughout growth (All); two mulch treatments (subplots): (i) black mulch and (ii) bare soil; and two bell pepper cultivars (sub-subplots): (i) Early Sunsation and (ii) Red Knight. Production of fully ripened fruits was higher in mulched plants regardless of saline irrigation treatments. In humid areas with non-saline soil, supplemental saline drip irrigation could be used with black polyethylene mulch to save water while maintaining fruit production.     

内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地治理中农户参与意识及其影响因素

内蒙古河套灌区土壤盐渍化现象非常严重,而对于在盐碱地治理中起重要作用的基层农户,其参与意识及影响因素仍不明确。本研究利用参与式调查方法,对内蒙古河套灌区农户的种植结构、管理方式、盐碱地认知程度及参与盐碱地治理意愿等方面进行了深入了解,并利用相对感知强度和多元逻辑回归等方法,分析了农户盐碱地治理的参与意识及主要影响因素。结果表明,河套灌区长期采用大水洗盐的灌溉方式,施肥类型以化肥为主,有机肥施用较少。大水洗盐导致地下水位普遍偏高,春季返盐现象严重;较少施用有机肥不利于土壤结构的改良,可见河套灌区农户没有通过改变种植和管理方式来治理盐碱地的意识。有54%的农户认为自家的耕地土壤盐渍化较为严重,但是很少有农户主动采取治理措施。有72%的受访者表示愿意投入资金治理盐碱地,但能接受的投入成本较低(不超过750元·hm-2)。影响农民参与盐碱地治理意识的主要因素是文化程度(P0.05),另外投入成本过高、缺乏技术支持等也是重要因素。因此,调整农作物管理模式、加强宣传教育、增加对农户的补助及技术支持是河套灌区盐碱地改良的必要方式。该结果可为扩大盐碱地治理的群众基础以及制定相关政策提供科学依据。     

海冰水灌溉对棉田水分及棉花产量的影响

采用海冰水（全盐含量为3‰）灌溉与井水灌溉对比,结合3种施肥措施：无机肥（传统施肥）、有机肥与无机肥配施、土壤调理剂与无机肥配施和不施肥处理,研究不同施肥条件下海冰水灌溉对土壤水分、棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：1）棉花整个生育期海冰水灌溉处理1m土层的土壤含水率均高于井水灌溉的处理,尤其在灌溉后0—40cm土层的土壤含水率差异显著,约为12个百分点。2）海冰水灌溉条件下,有机肥与无机肥配施、土壤调理剂与无机肥配施较传统无机肥处理均可显著提高盐碱地棉花籽棉产量,分别增产约10％、27％,井水灌溉处理也有相同的趋势,分别增产约12％、22％。3）无论井水或海冰水灌溉,有机肥与无机肥配施或土壤调理剂与无机肥配施均可显著提高棉花的水分利用效率,海冰水灌溉小区的棉花水分利用效率,两种施肥处理均高于传统无机肥处理,约为8％、30％。两种灌溉水源对棉花产量和水分利用效率均无显著影响。     

艾比湖湿地不同盐渍化土壤粒度组成及可蚀性研究

为了研究内陆干旱区不同盐渍化土壤的粒径组成及其可蚀性的空间分布,在不同盐渍化程度上探讨其与土壤中盐分含量的相互关系,本研究以新疆维吾尔自治区艾比湖湿地为研究靶区,利用2015年5月获取的66个表层土壤样品,对土壤的粒度组成、含盐量、分形维数和可蚀性因子K值进行了研究。结果表明:样品中盐土占比达到59.09%,平均含盐量达131.59 g/kg,研究区内盐渍化现象既普遍又严重;土壤颗粒以粉粒和砂粒为主,随着盐渍化程度的加剧黏粒含量不断增加,砂粒含量则相反;土壤颗粒的分形维数D值介于2.14~2.60,平均值为2.45;随着盐渍化程度加剧,分形维数逐渐变大,K值也随之逐渐增大,盐土的K值最大达0.093;土壤可蚀性因子K值与含盐量的相关性较高(r=0.596**),在一定程度上可以说明,土壤的含盐量水平越高,K值越大,越容易被侵蚀。     

盐渍化地区刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳林中AM真菌特性及其影响因子

为研究生境异质性对AM真菌的影响,以内蒙古磴口、宁夏平罗和甘肃敦煌盐渍化地区中刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳为对象,分析不同树种林地土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、根内AM真菌侵染状况及根际球囊霉素质量分数、AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度,确定生境(如树种、土壤因子及气候条件)与AM真菌特性间的关系。方差分析结果表明,树种和样区位置对AM真菌的总侵染率、菌丝侵染率、丛枝侵染率、孢子密度、菌丝密度、总球囊霉素质量分数、土壤理化性质和酶活性均具有显著影响;变差分析结果表明土壤因子对AM真菌特性的影响最大,且其影响与树种和气候条件有关;相关分析进一步表明土壤因子及气候条件主要影响刺槐根际AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度、柽柳根际的菌丝密度、新疆杨根内的丛枝侵染率、菌丝侵染率及其根际的孢子密度。以上结果表明,盐渍化地区AM真菌特性具有生境异质性,且其异质性主要由土壤因子的变化所致,而树种和气候条件对AM真菌特性的影响均相对较小。     

盐土农业及研究进展

综述了盐土农业新理念的产生、定义、特点及其国内外研究进展。     

不同含盐量土壤盐分对蒸发的影响试验研究

土壤地表蒸发是一个复杂的过程,它的正常进行受到诸多因素的影响,其中土壤盐分是蒸发的主要影响因素之一。以内蒙古河套灌区永联试验站含盐土壤为例,通过室内试验盐分含量分别为0.2%、0.6%、1.0%、5.0%的土壤水分、盐分的变化以及对蒸发的影响进行了分析。试验结果表明:实验进行的初始阶段土壤剖面中含水率变化是比较显著,地下水补给对土壤蒸发的影响较大,实验持续到第15天之后随着土壤含水率的稳定变化,土壤蒸发量慢慢下降,这个时间段土壤水分迁移主要被土壤盐分控制。实验开始的前一段时间土壤水分对盐分的影响不太明显,实验持续到15天之后,尤其是,土壤表层形成盐壳之后,土壤水分对含盐量的影响以及盐分对水分的相应反馈比较明显。同一个时间来看,盐分含量高的土壤水分比较低。不同盐分含量的土壤中随着含盐量的增加,土壤蒸发速率减小。通过分析可知土壤含盐量与蒸发量具有很好的相关性,盐分越高,相关性越好。     

Evaluating a multi-level subsurface drainage system for improved drainage water quality

This paper describes a multi-level drainage system, designed to improve drainage water quality. Results are presented from a field scale land reclamation experiment implemented in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales, Australia. A traditional single level drainage system and a multi-level drainage system were compared in the experiment in an irrigated field setting. The single level drainage system consisted of 1.8 m deep drains at 20 m spacing. This configuration is typical of subsurface drainage system design used in the area. The multi-level drainage system consisted of shallow closely spaced drains (3.3 m spacing at 0.75 m depth) underlain by deeper widely spaced drains (20 m spacing at 1.8 m depth). Data on drainage flows and salinity, water table regime and soil salinity were collected over a 2-year period.     

Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.