利用药用植物控制草莓再植病害的初步研究

采用几种复配药用植物对草莓再植病害的防治进行了研究,本试验分别用T12、T14、T15和F10四组复配材料处理土壤,另设溴甲烷(MB)熏蒸对照和重茬空白对照,进行2年的保护地试验,调查了四组复配药用植物材料对草莓根部生长活力(RLD值)、根部受侵染的程度和产量的影响。结果表明:T15和T12在产果初期和中期均表现出较好的促进根系生长和抑制病原菌的作用。2004年和2005年T15和T12处理小区的草莓产量分别达到溴甲烷处理小区草莓产量的92%,84%和89%,78%。T14和F10处理在2年试验中虽然也表现出一定的抑菌和减少产量损失的作用,但是作用结果不如T15和T12表现稳定。     

草地早熟禾根系生物量分布动态

[目的]研究秋季生长季中草地早熟禾根系生物量、根重密度、根长密度的分布动态。[方法]采用土钻法在生长季内对草地早熟禾草坪取样,研究根系生物量、根重密度、根长密度在时间、空间上的动态变化,以及生物量与土壤含水率的关系。[结果]在秋季生长季中,草地早熟禾根系生物量、根重密度、根长密度的变化规律相同,8月底达到峰值,分别为0.18g/cm2、5.75×10-3g/cm3和114.64cm/cm3。根系各指标的空间分布规律相同,随着土壤深度的增加,呈逐渐减少趋势。生物量与土壤含水率的变化趋势相同,说明草坪草在不同土壤水分条件下对根系分配不同的光合产物。[结论]该研究为认识根系周转规律,C、N在城市生态系统中循环、再分配的过程及根系不同时期的吸收策略提供理论基础。     

Effects of vegetation type on soil resistance to erosion: Relationship between aggregate stability and shear strength

Soil water erosion and shallow landslides depend on aggregate stability and soil shear strength. We investigated the effect of vegetation on both soil aggregate stability and shear strength (through direct shear tests) in former croplands converted to vegetated erosion protection areas within the context of China's sloping land conversion programme. Four treatments were analysed in plots comprised of (i) 4 year old crop trees, Vernicia fordii, where understory vegetation was removed; (ii) V. fordii and the dominant understory species Artemisia codonocephala; (iii) only A. codonocephala and (iv) no vegetation. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–5 cm and 45–50 cm. Root length density (RLD) in five diameter classes was measured, soil organic carbon (SOC), hot water extractable carbon (HWEC), texture and Fe and Al oxides were also measured. We found that mean weight diameter after slow wetting (MWD_SW) in the A-horizon, was significantly greater (0.94–1.01 mm) when A. codonocephala was present compared to plots without A. codonocephala (0.57–0.59 mm). SOC and RLD in the smallest diameter class (< 0.5 mm), were the variables which best explained variability in MWD_SW. A significant positive linear relationship existed between MWD_SW and soil cohesion but not with internal angle of friction. As herbaceous vegetation was more efficient than trees in improving aggregate stability, this result suggests that the mechanisms involved include modifications of the cohesive forces between soil particles adjacent to plant roots and located in the enriched in SOC rhizosphere, thus also affecting shear strength of the corresponding soil volume. Thus, vegetation stabilised soil under different hierarchical levels of aggregate organisation, i.e. intra- and inter-aggregate. Our results have implications for the efficacy of techniques used in land conversion programs dedicated to control of soil erosion and shallow landslides. We suggest that mixtures of different plant functional types would improve soil conservation on slopes, by reducing both surface water erosion and shallow substrate mass movement. Planting trees for cropping or logging, and removing understory vegetation is most likely detrimental to soil conservation.     

南疆枣麦间作系统中根长密度、根表面积密度分布特征

在和田地区的冬小麦成熟期和枣树扬花期采用根钻法采集单作小麦、单作5a生枣树、枣麦间作系统根样,利用Win-SURFER v.8.0软件进行根系根长密度、根表面积密度分析,并在小麦和枣树成熟阶段进行经济产量和地上部生物量测定,通过土地当量比进行间作系统评估。结果表明,枣麦间作系统枣树和小麦的产量和地上部生物量均显著下降。枣麦间作系统产量和地上部生物量土地当量比(1.383和1.322)均大于1,相比相应单作模式,有较高的总产量和土地利用效率。间作条件下的小麦和枣树根长密度、根表面积密度比单作相应土层根长密度、根表面积密度小。间作小麦20~60cm土层根长密度值比单作小麦相应土层根长密度值减少46.2%;间作红枣20~60cm土层根长密度值、根表面积密度值比单作红枣相应土层根长密度值、根表面积密度值减少34.5%和31.2%。5a生枣树与小麦根系在20~60cm土层生态位重叠,促使间作小麦和间作枣树根长密度、根表面积密度分布不均匀。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat under two soil water regimes

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kenong9204) was grown in open top chambers with either ambient or elevated CO₂ concentrations (358 ± 19 μmol mol⁻¹ or 712 ± 22 μmol mol⁻¹, respectively) in well-watered or drought conditions. Although elevated CO₂ did not significantly affect the height of the plants at harvest, it significantly increased the aboveground biomass by 10.1% and the root/shoot ratio by 16.0%. Elevated CO₂ also significantly increased the grain yield (GY) by 6.7% when well-watered and by 10.4% when drought stressed. Specifically, in the well-watered condition, this increase was due to a greater number of ears (8.7% more) and kernels (8.6). In the drought condition, it was only due to a greater number of spikes (17.1% more). In addition, elevated CO₂ also significantly increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of the plants by 9.9% when well-watered and by 13.8% under drought conditions, even though the evapotranspiration (ET) of the plants did not change significantly. Elevated CO₂ also significantly increased the root length in the top half of the soil profile by 35.4% when well-watered and by 44.7% under drought conditions. Finally, elevated CO₂ significantly increased the root water uptake by 52.9% when well-watered and by 10.1% under drought conditions. These results suggest that (1) future increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentration may have a significant effect on wheat production in arid and semiarid areas where wheat cultivation requires upland cropping or deficit irrigation; (2) wheat cultivars can be developed to have more tillers and kernels through selective breeding and field management; and (3) fertilizer and water management in topsoil will become increasingly important as atmospheric CO₂ concentration rises.     

Impact factors on fine root seasonal dynamics in Fraxinus mandshurica plantations

Fine root turnover plays important roles in carbon allocation and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Seasonal dynamics of fine roots is critical for understanding the processes of fine root turnover. From May to October 2002, soil core method was used for estimating the seasonal pattern of fine root (diameter < 1 mm) parameters (biomass, specific root length (SRL) and root length density (RLD)) in a Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) plantation located at the Maoershan Experiment Station, Heilongjiang Province, northeast of China. The relationships of fine root biomass, SRL and RLD with available nitrogen in soil, average soil temperature per month in 10 cm depth and soil moisture content were analyzed. Seasonal variation of fine root biomass was significant (P < 0.05). The peak values of fine root biomass were observed both in spring and in autumn, but SRL and RLD were the highest in spring and lowest in autumn. Specific root length and root length density were higher in spring and summer, which means that fine root diameter was thinner. In autumn, both parameters decreased significantly due to secondary incrassation of fine root diameter or the increase of tissue density. Seasonal dynamics of fine roots was associated with available nitrogen in soil, soil temperature in 10 cm depth and moisture content. Fine root biomass has a significant relationship with available NH₄ ⁺-N in soil. Available NO₃ ⁻-N in soil, soil temperature in 10-cm depth and moisture content have a positive correlation with fine root biomass, SRL and RLD, although these correlations are not significant (P > 0.05). But the compound effects of soil available N, soil temperature and soil moisture content are significant to every root parameter. The variations of these three root parameters in different seasons show different physiological and ecological functions in different growing periods. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(9): 7–12 [译自: 林业科学]     

水曲柳人工林细根季节动态及其影响因素

2002年5-10月,采用连续钻取土芯法对帽儿山实验林场的水曲柳人工林细根(直径＜1 mm)生物量、比根长(SRL)和根长密度(RLD)的季节动态,以及它们与土壤N的有效性、土壤10 cm深处月均温度和含水量的关系进行研究.结果表明:水曲柳细根生物量在春季和秋季分别具有1个明显的高峰,但比根长和根长密度只有1个高峰.在春季和夏季,比根长和根长密度较高,显示细根直径较小,而秋季,这2个参数显著下降,表明细根直径次生增厚或组织密度增加.细根的季节变化与土壤N的有效性、土壤温度和土壤含水量有重要关系.其中细根生物量与土壤铵态氮含量显著相关;硝态氮含量、10 cm深处土壤的温度和土壤含水量与细根的生物量、比根长和根长密度的季节变化正相关,但均不显著(P＞0.05).4种因子的综合作用对水曲柳细根各参数的影响均达到了显著水平.不同季节细根生物量、比根长和根长密度的变化,显示出细根在生长季不同时期具有不同的生理生态功能.     

Root Growth and Water Extraction Response of Doubled-Haploid Rice Lines to Drought and Rewatering during the Vegetative Stage

Abstract

Doubled haploid lines (DHLs) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were used to examine responses to drought and rewatering in controlled rainfed lowland conditions, in order to determine whether confounding by unrelated traits would be less than has been reported previously for contrasting cultivars that differ in genetic background. IR62266 and four DHLs derived from the cross between IR62266 and CT9993 (DHL-32, -51, -54 and -79) were grown in pot experiments in the greenhouse during the 2000 dry and wet seasons at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. There were two water regimes (well-watered and drought). Estimated water extraction obtained by time domain reflectometry (TDR) was similar to cumulative transpiration estimated from pot weighing for each genotype. Genotypic variation was observed in root traits and water extraction, with extraction slower in DHL-32 and faster in DHL-79, especially in deeper soil layers. An upper bound relationship between water extraction from a soil layer and root length density (RLD) in that layer was readily apparent over DHLs and soil depths, suggesting a critical value of RLD for water extraction of 0.30 cm cm^?3 in these conditions. Because soils in the field would not be as homogenous as the puddled soils used in these greenhouse experiments, this critical RLD for water extraction from a soil layer is a reference for ideal conditions, and requires careful validation in the field. Use of DHLs permitted comparisons with reduced confounding by genetic background, with consequent improvements in precision.     

紫色土区3种草本植物根系特征及改土培肥效应

为探讨紫色土区草本植物根系的改土培肥效应,选取已种植3年（2011－2013年）的水土保持常用草类紫花苜蓿、狗牙根和香根草为目标物种,分0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm 土层采集根系和土壤样品,WinRHIZO （Pro．2004c）根系分析系统测定根系指标,常规方法测定土壤理化性质。结果表明：所有土层,香根草的各项根系指标均较优,尤其是根长密度和根表面积密度（最大均值分别为13．46 cm／cm3和5．75 cm2／cm3）,紫花苜蓿则总体上的根重密度最好（最小均值为18．10 mg／cm3）;定植3年,这3种草本植物并未对试验区紫色土的机械组成产生显著影响,但在数值上草本区有粗颗粒减少、细颗粒增多的趋势;多数草本植物对多个土层的土壤有机质和速效钾产生显著影响（有机质增加,速效钾亏损）,而对土壤全氮、碱解氮、总磷、有效磷和全钾的影响却很微弱;所有草本区的全钾含量较高3．93～4．83 g／kg,却在几乎所有土层出现速效钾的亏损,尤其是紫花苜蓿区最大亏损量达20．24 mg／kg;相关分析中,所有土壤养分与全部或部分根系指标呈现显著或极显著相关（最大相关系数为0．833）。