灌区土壤盐渍化发展模拟预测与对策研究

以秦王川灌区观测和调查资料为依据,采用目前广为实用的MODFLOW地下水模拟软件,对灌区地下水动态进行了预测和分析,并对地下水质的发展趋势作出评价。灌溉实施以来,秦王川灌区地下水位逐年上升。未来10年内盐沼区面积扩大约为28 km2,并且将继续增加,地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达31.4 km2,占灌区面积的比例约为6%。未来20年地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达47 km2,占灌区面积的比例为10%左右。根据地下水位的变化特征,对控制土壤盐渍化发展的因素和对策进行了分析,提出以明沟排水为主,加大灌区下游地下水排泄能力;以渠灌为主,适度发展井灌,大力推行田间节水灌溉技术等对策。     

Visual MODFLOW在李官堡水源地水流模拟中的应用

数值模拟方法目前是模拟地下水流动和评价地下水资源量的主要技术方法之一。Visual MODFLOW软件具有系统化和可视化的突出特点,因此应用该软件建立地下水系统的数学模型,对沈阳市李官堡水源地的水流情况进行了模拟和预测。模拟结果表明,该水源地为建设项目提供所需的9.8×104m3/d水量是可行的。模型的建立对傍河型水源地的建设和开采水量的预测有一定的借鉴价值。     

河北省石津灌区水资源联合利用数值模拟与方案分析

针对河北省石津灌区地下水位不断下降的现状,根据灌区的水文地质条件,运用地下水数值模拟软件MODFLOW建立了地下水三维非稳定流模型,并利用地下水位实测资料进行率定验证。模型验证结果表明:模型能较好的反应该研究区域的实际情况,可用于该区域的地下水位预测。本研究利用该模型对井灌和井渠联合灌区地下水位进行模拟预测,并考虑井灌次数、井灌定额、渠灌定额等3种因素,提出了5种解决方案。结果表明:方案2(对灌区采用井渠联合灌溉方式,调整灌水时间:3月份采用井灌模式,单井平均抽水量为45m3/h,5月份和10月份采用渠道灌溉模式,平均灌水定额为1 800m3/hm2)是比较合理的方案,它能有效控制灌区地下水位,促进灌区的可持续发展,简单实用。     

基于SWAP和MODFLOW模型的引黄灌区用水管理策略

大部分引黄灌区并没有实现地表水和地下水的合理利用,存在着水源浪费和地下水过度开采等问题。为了合理调配水资源,该文以河南柳园口灌区为背景,运用SWAP和Visual-MODFLOW分别建立了土壤水分运动模型和地下水三维非稳定流模型,用实测资料进行了率定和验证。利用SWAP模型模拟了2006年至2007年不同灌溉标准条件下的灌溉制度,提出了适宜的灌水控制标准,并且根据提出的灌水控制标准对多年的灌溉制度及不同地下水埋深下的灌水量及产量状况进行了模拟,得到了地下水埋深适宜范围。由SWAP模拟的灌溉制度确定地下水开采并且根据不同的种植结构和井渠灌溉比拟定了7个方案,利用MODFLOW模型对灌区地下水系统对各方案的响应进行模拟。结果表明,北部引黄量的30%采用抽取地下水并把节省的引黄量输送到南部,可以使地下水埋深基本控制在适宜的范围之内,并能有效地减少潜水蒸发。     

GMS在地下水污染迁移模拟中的应用

GMS(Groundwater Modeling System)作为目前国际上流行的三维地下水数值模拟的集成软件系统,具有模块多、功能全、使用范围广、建模过程直观、操作简便等特点。该研究详细介绍了GMS在地下水污染迁移模拟中的应用流程:首先,使用MODFLOW模块建立地下水流场模型;其次,使用MT3DMS模块建立溶质(污染物)运移模型;最后,使用MODPATH模块建立地下水流迹线示踪模型。使用GMS对污染物在地下水中的迁移进行模拟预测,对地下水环境的保护具有重要积极意义,也可为制定污染物防控方案提供科学支持和理论依据。     

滦河流域内蒙段地下水资源模拟评价分析

以滦河流域上游闪电河子流域地下水资源评价为例,阐述了地下水资源评价中水文地质实体辨识,含水层概念模型选择,边界条件的确定,初始水头、含水层底板高程、水文地质参数空间变异性分析及用可视模块化的三维有限差模型(VISUAL MODFLOW)评价地下水资源的全过程。基于地质统计学插值、估值理论,对于MODF-LOW减小误差和简化参数的调节试算过程提出了新的计算思路。     

Application of Modflow in Sustainable Exploration of Geothermal Water at Xaoquan of Chongqing

On the basis of sufficient discussion of hydrogeologic condition of geothermal water in the Xaoquan area, authors a mathematical is studied with MODFLOW model is established, and then the geothermal water is studied with MODFLOW program. Andthe mathematical model is identified. The authors compare the simulative water level with actual water level. The MODFLOW program can study geothermal water,when the simulative water level approximated to actual water level, and the mathematical MODFLOW model is right. Geothermal water under condition of different exploitation is stndied with the MODFLOW program. Sustainable exploitation is achieved.     

Development and application of a modeling approach for surface water and groundwater interaction

Investigation of the interaction of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) is critical in order to determine the effects of best management practices (BMPs) on the entire system of water resources. The objective of this research was to develop a modeling system for considering SW–GW interactions and to demonstrate the applicability of the developed system. A linked modeling approach was selected to consider SW–GW interaction. The dual-simulation scheme was developed to consider different time scales between a newly developed surface model: Dynamic Agricultural Non-point Source Assessment Tool (DANSAT), and existing groundwater models; a three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and a modular three-dimensional transport model (MT3D). A distributed and physically based DANSAT predicts the movement of water and pesticides in runoff and in leachate at a watershed scale. MODFLOW and MT3D simulate groundwater and pesticide movement in the saturated zone. Only the hydrology component of the linked system was evaluated on the QN2 subwatershed in the Nomini Creek watershed located in the Coastal Plain of Virginia mainly due to lack of observed data for MT3D calibration. The same spatial scale was used for both surface and groundwater models while different time scales were used because surface runoff occurs more quickly than groundwater flow. DANSAT and MODFLOW were separately calibrated using the integrated GW approach which uses own lumped baseflow components in DANSAT, and using the steady-state mode in MODFLOW, respectively. Then the linked system was applied to QN2 based on the parameters selected for DANSAT and MODFLOW to simulate time-dependent interactions on the entire system. The linked approach was better than the integrated approach for predicting the temporal trends of monthly runoff by improving the monthly Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index from 0.53 to 0.60. The proposed linked approach will be useful for evaluating the impacts of agricultural BMPs on the entire SW–GW system by providing spatial distribution and temporal changes in groundwater table elevation and enhancing the reliability of calibrated parameter sets.     

Simulation of land use impacts on groundwater levels and streamflow in a Virginia watershed

Increase in withdrawal and decrease in recharge of groundwater due to urbanization influences subsurface flow regimes. The overall objective of this study was to determine the impact of land development activities on the subsurface flow regime in the Upper Roanoke River Watershed (URRW). A regional groundwater model of the URRW was constructed using Modular Three-Dimensional Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW) and calibrated for steady-state conditions. Then, eight land use management scenarios were simulated on the Back Creek (BC) subwatershed to assess the impacts of residential density, residential location, and land-cover on hydraulic head of groundwater and streamflow. The average recharge output from the Hydrological Simulation Program, FORTRAN (HSPF) simulation was used as the direct input to MODFLOW to take changes in land use into account in the BC watershed. Development of agriculture and forest areas with low-population density on larger area (low-density scenario), near the middle of the watershed (mid-section scenario), and with changes all open space to lawn (lawn scenario) had greatest overall impact on the BC watershed for both hydraulic head and streamflow among density, location, and land-cover scenarios, respectively. The simulated scenarios indicated that decreases in both hydraulic head and streamflow coincided with the increases in impervious land. The reductions in hydraulic head and streamflow were restricted to the subwatershed where land use changes occurred. The urbanization impacts on both surface and subsurface regimes were very local with 20.8 cm of maximum difference in local hydraulic head and 0.532% of maximum percent difference in local streamflow at lawn scenario while average corresponding values through BC watershed was 4.3 cm and 0.153%, respectively. Use of a fully distributed surface model in a dynamic manner was recommended to solve the inconsistencies in the spatial and temporal scale of surface and groundwater models. However, the proposed approach can be used as a management and planning tool for evaluating the local and overall impacts of land use management on the surface and subsurface flow regimes.     

MODFLOW模型与地表水量调度系统联合运用研究

【目的】对区域地表水、地下水及再生水进行联合调度,以充分发挥多水源水量、库容、水力及时空补偿作用。【方法】以位于陕西西咸新区的泾河新城为研究对象,利用GMS软件系统构建MODFLOW模型,与地表水量调度系统联合运用,采用再生水进行补偿供给,模拟计算泾河新城2020年各水源工程的供水量及在用水户之间的分配结果,并预测地下水位的动态变化。【结果】通过联合模拟可知,2020年泾河新城地下水、地表水及再生水供水量分别为1 640.02万、3 973.28万、380.18万m3/年,各用水户的供水保证率均达到77%以上,基本能够满足2020年的需水要求;泾河新城生活供水水源为地下水,长期开采会使开采井附近水位出现一定程度的下降,从模拟结果可以看出,2020年泾河新城地下水水位平均降深为2m左右。【结论】联合调度充分发挥了各水源的供水能力,在基本保证区域内原有用水户用水不受影响的前提下,为泾河新城的发展提供了一定的水量保证。从长远发展考虑,应该在减少区域地下水开采的同时寻找替代水源,并注重开源与节水并用、水源涵养与生态保护兼顾,使区域经济、水资源及生态环境能够和谐发展。