Effects of hysteresis on redistribution of soil moisture and deep percolation at continuous and pulse drip irrigation

The infiltration and redistribution of soil moisture under surface drip irrigation considering hysteresis were investigated in two soils (loamy sand and silt loam) of different texture. The effect of continuous versus intermittent application of 1, 2 and 4 l/h to the soils was evaluated in terms of wetting front advance patterns and deep percolation under the root zone. For this purpose, a cylindrical flow model incorporating hysteresis in the soil water retention characteristic curve, evaporation from the soil surface, and water extraction by roots was used. The results show that, compared with continuous irrigation, pulse irrigation slightly reduces the water losses under the root zone in both cases (with and without hysteresis). Also, at the total simulation time, in both types of irrigation, hysteresis reduces significantly the water losses under the root zone. Finally, the effect of hysteresis was found to be greater at higher discharge rate (4 l/h) and consequently at higher water content at the soil surface.     

土壤中黑碳对农药敌草隆的吸附-解吸迟滞行为研究

采用批处理振荡法和连续稀释法分别测定了敌草隆在人工添加黑碳土壤和自然形成的不同有机质和黑碳含量的土壤中的吸附一解吸行为。吸附结果表明，人工添加黑碳的土壤对敌草隆的吸附强度和吸附容量以及吸附等温线的非线性均随土壤黑碳添加浓度的增加而逐步增大；自然土壤的吸附容量和吸附强度随土壤总有机质含量增加而增加，但吸附等温线的非线性则与土壤中黑碳对有机质的相对含量有关，黑碳比例越高，等温线非线性越大。解吸实验结果表明，无论是人工添加黑碳的土壤还是自然土壤，对敌草隆的解吸迟滞作用均随土壤黑碳含量增高而愈明显。     

Carbon dioxide fluxes in corn-soybean rotation in the midwestern U.S.: Inter- and intra-annual variations, and biophysical controls

Quantifying carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for better understanding of global carbon cycling and observed changes in climate. This study examined year-round temporal variations of CO₂ fluxes in two biennial crop rotations during 4 year of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. We monitored CO₂ fluxes using eddy-covariance (EC) and soil chambers in adjacent production fields near Ames, Iowa. Under the non-limiting soil water availability conditions predominant in these fields, diel and seasonal variations of CO₂ fluxes were mostly controlled by ambient temperature and available light. Air temperature explained up to 81% of the variability of soil respiratory losses during fallow periods. In contrast, with full-developed canopies, available light was the main driver of daytime CO₂ uptake for both crops. Furthermore, a combined additive effect of both available light and temperature on enhanced CO₂ uptake was identified only for corn. Moreover, diurnal hysteresis of net CO₂ uptake with available light was also found for both crops with consistently greater CO₂ uptake in the mornings than afternoons perhaps primarily owing to delay in peak of soil respiration relative to the time of maximum plant photosynthesis. Annual cumulative CO₂ exchange was mainly determined by crop species with consistently greater net uptake for corn and near neutral exchange for soybean (−466 ± 38 and −13 ± 39 g C m⁻² year⁻¹). Concomitantly, within growing seasons, CO₂ sink periods were approximately 106 days for corn and 90 days for soybean, and peak rates of CO₂ uptake were roughly 1.7-fold higher for corn than soybean. Apparent changes in soil organic carbon estimated after accounting for grain carbon removal suggested soil carbon depletion following soybean years and neutral carbon balance for corn. Overall, results suggest changes in land use and cropping systems have a substantial impact on dynamics of CO₂ exchange.     

镉在土壤中吸附的能量特征和解吸滞后效应研究

[目的]为了研究吸附-解吸反应对重金属生物有效性的影响.[方法]以我国12种典型农田土壤为试验材料,采用批次平衡法,研究重金属镉在农田土壤中吸附的能量特征和解吸滞后效应.[结果]供试土壤对镉的吸附均为自发反应,温度的升高有利于促进土壤对镉的吸附.土壤镉吸附的吉布斯自由能变（△G°）可以用来预测土壤镉的解吸能力.土壤对重金属镉吸附的主要机理为化学键力.镉在土壤中的解吸过程存在滞后现象,随着镉平衡液浓度的增加,各供试土壤中镉解吸的滞后效应增强.供试土壤pH和碳酸钙含量越高,滞后系数越大.这可能与土壤pH和碳酸钙含量较高时,镉在土壤中形成难解吸的内圈配合物和碳酸镉沉淀有关.[结论]该研究结果可以为防治土壤重金属污染和修复研究提供参考依据.     

The Active DC Filter Based on Hysteresis Controller on the DC Side of HVDC

For Passive Active Hybrid filtering system on the DC side of HVDC system, the controller based on Hysteresis method is presented, and the corresponding control circuits are also designed in this paper. Simulation results show very fast dynamic response and excellent compensating performance by using the proposed controller and the designed circuits.     

Estimation of annual suspended sediment yield from a Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation considering antecedent rainfalls

Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) is one of the most common plantation species in Japan. In most Japanese cypress plantations, closure of the forest canopy hinders understory growth because of insufficient management practices. Thus leaf litter barely covers the soil surface. Such plantations are vulnerable to surface erosion triggered by rainfalls, and could yield large amounts of suspended sediment (SS). However, few studies have investigated the annual SS yield. This study aimed to develop a modified model of SS yields, and to accurately estimate and characterize the annual SS yield from a Japanese cypress plantation. For this, hydrological surveys were conducted for 5 years, and stream water was sampled weekly as well as sequentially at 15–60 min intervals in each of 14 rain events in a small forested watershed of Japanese cypress. The root mean square error (RMSE) and the annual SS yield estimates were obtained using three different equations: the rating curve derived from instantaneous SS concentration versus stream discharge relationship (SSC − Q equation); the rating curve derived from cumulative SS yield versus cumulative specific discharge relationship (∑SS − ∑Q equation); and the multiple regression of cumulative SS yield expressed as functions of cumulative specific discharge and antecedent rainfalls (∑SS − ∑Q × AR equation). The ∑SS − ∑Q × AR equation is a modified model considering the effects of antecedent rain history on the SS yield. The parameters in each equation were determined by a nonlinear least square method. Of the three equations, the RMSE was the highest using the SSC − Q equation. Although the ∑SS − ∑Q equation and the ∑SS − ∑Q × AR equation gave similar RMSE values, the SS yields extrapolated by the ∑SS − ∑Q equation would be overestimated. Thus, the 5-year average of annual SS yield estimated by the ∑SS − ∑Q equation was three times larger than that estimated by the ∑SS − ∑Q × AR equation. These results indicate that the ∑SS − ∑Q × AR equation more accurately estimates the annual SS yield, compared with the other two equations. The results also suggest that antecedent rain history, as well as stream discharge, should be considered for appropriately estimating the annual SS yield. The annual SS yield estimated by the ∑SS − ∑Q × AR equation was the largest among 25 undisturbed forested watersheds, except for two watersheds dominated by sandstone. Our results suggest that the annual SS yield is greater from a Japanese cypress plantation under current management practices than from other undisturbed forests.     

5种人工林非主要生长季节土壤呼吸对土壤温度昼夜变化的响应

利用LI-8100土壤CO_2排放通量全自动测量系统,测定了东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场中白桦等5种人工林土壤呼吸速率以及土壤表面温度、地表下10cm处温度的昼夜变化,研究了5种人工林土壤呼吸速率的昼夜变化特征及对土壤温度的响应特点.结果表明:对于土壤呼吸速率,其昼夜变化呈单峰形式,而且,土壤呼吸速率相对于地表温度和地表下10cm处的温度变化呈非同一路径现象,表现出明显的温度滞后性或超前性.即相对于地表温度变化,土壤呼吸速率变化表现出明显的滞后性;相对于地表下10cm处温度,土壤呼吸速率表现出明显的超前性;地表下10cm处温度是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主要影响因素;各林分林地土壤呼吸速率均值差异较大,昼夜间存在2个产生土壤呼吸速率均值的时间范围.     

土壤不同粒径组分对菲的吸附解吸行为的研究

有机污染物在土壤环境中的行为主要取决于它们与土壤不同组分之间的相互作用,土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的含量和结构特征以及矿物组成不同,它们对有机污染物的环境行为影响也不同。本研究用物理方法将两种不同类型土壤水稻土(SEBC-07)和红壤(SEBC-13)分成粒径大小不同的土壤组分(<2μm、2~20μm、20~54μm、54~105μm、105~280μm、>280μm),研究了它们对菲的吸附解吸行为。SEBC-07土样不同粒径组分对菲的吸附容量(Kf)从大到小顺序为:2~20μm、20~54μm、54~105μm、<2μm、>105μm;SEBC-13土样不同粒径组分的Kf值从大到小顺序为:20~54μm、<2μm、2~20μm、54~105μm、105~280μm、>280μm。除<2μm和20~54μm的粒径组分外,有机质含量较高的水稻土不同粒径组分对菲的吸附容量都明显高于有机质含量较低的红壤。两种土壤20~54μm组分的Koc值都最大,然后向粒径增大和减小的方向都逐渐降低。不同粒径组分的Kf和Koc值与它们的理化性质(有机碳含量、比表面积)都没有显著的相关性。两种土壤的不同粒径组分对菲的解吸都有不同程度的滞后现象。     

水稻、大豆、玉米光合速率的日变化及其对光强响应的滞后效应

用LI-6400光合测定系统对水稻、大豆和玉米3种作物在不同生育时期叶片光合速率的日变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:在各个生育时期,C3作物(水稻、大豆)叶片的光合作用均存在午休现象。而午休现象的产生是气孔因素与非气孔因素共同作用的结果。其中“气孔因素”是高温加剧蒸腾作用,气孔对蒸腾作用的反馈抑制造成的。C3作物(水稻、大豆)叶片的光合速率对光强的响应在上午和下午存在明显差异,上午利用光能的能力明显大于下午。这主要表现在上午的表观初始量子效率比下午大。光合产物对光合作用的反馈抑制会造成这种量子效率的差异性。无论是气孔限制还是光合产物反馈抑制都可能是导致光合速率对光强响应产生“滞后效应”的主要原因。C4作物(玉米)的午休现象不明显,光合速率对光强的响应在上午和下午的差异也不明显,不存在明显的“滞后效应”,这可能与C4作物(玉米)自身的生理特性适应高温的能力有关。