Typical hydrodynamic models for aquaculture nets: A comparative study under pure current conditions

The net is regarded as the most critical component in marine aquaculture facilities as it is the only barrier which protects the environment from fish escapes. Accurate predictions of the net cage deformation and drag force on the nets are needed, both for ensuring fish welfare and for dimensioning of the mooring system. Thus, an appropriate hydrodynamic model is essential. In practice, two types of hydrodynamic force models, i.e., the Morison type and the Screen type, are commonly used to calculate the hydrodynamic forces on nets. Application of the models depends on the underlying structural model and the availability of data. A systematic review of hydrodynamic models is therefore undertaken to compare the models and various parameterisations, in aid of model selection during the design. In this study, eleven commonly used hydrodynamic models, i.e., five Morison models and six Screen models, are reviewed comprehensively, and implemented into a general finite element (FE) solver for dynamic simulations. Sensitivity studies on different current velocities, inflow angles and solidities of the nets are carried out. Moreover, different wake effects are also considered in numerical simulations. The numerical results from different models are compared against existing experimental data under pure current conditions. Suggestions for selection of suitable hydrodynamic models are provided, based on the model comparison.     

喀斯特槽谷区的顺/逆层坡面对水动力学参数的影响

喀斯特槽谷区不仅存在地上/地下双层空间结构,还存在典型顺/逆层坡两种特殊的地质构造,因此研究喀斯特槽谷区两翼坡面水流移动规律具有重要意义。根据野外调查结果,在喀斯特槽谷区临界坡度25°条件下进行人工模拟降雨试验,采用顺/逆层坡岩层倾角(30°、60°和90°)和3种雨强(30、60和90 mm·h~(-1))作为变量因子,并以裸坡作为对照因子,研究喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面水动力参数特征。结果表明:喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡主要以薄层浅流为主,顺层坡的岩层倾角越大则坡面流速越小,逆层坡则以岩层倾角60°为临界点,裸坡的流速均大于顺/逆层坡。对于喀斯特槽谷区顺层坡而言,其雷诺数Re和佛汝德数Fr均大于逆层坡而小于裸坡,阻力系数f均小于逆层坡而大于裸坡。雷诺数Re和阻力系数f两个参数呈显著的幂函数正相关关系。地表累积径流量分配比例大小排序为裸坡顺层坡逆层坡,地下累积径流量分配比例为逆层坡裸坡顺层坡。本研究可为喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡的坡面的土壤侵蚀预报模型提供科学依据。     

液力偶合器部分充液流场数值模拟与特性计

利用CFD平台的滑动网格法与混合模型模拟液力偶合器流场的瞬态流动,得到偶合器内部速度与压力分布.总结了不同充液率下流场结构的变化及两相分布情况.基于速度、压力数值解计算了液力偶合器叶轮转矩,并计算出不同充液率下液力偶合器的原始特性.将性能预测结果与实验进行了对比分析,结果表明,数值模拟计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,基本反映了流道内部流动的基本特征.     

酸性硫酸盐土酸消长的水动力机制研究

以不同土壤湿度、不同干湿交替周期和原状土自然风干 8个处理进行酸性硫酸盐土 (简称ASS)室内模拟实验。通过对模拟过程内土壤pH、总硫化物性酸度和未氧化双氧水可氧化硫、交换性酸度、硫派生的实际酸度、KCl可提取硫等指标的动态变化过程的跟踪测定和分析显示 ,土壤水分条件是制约ASS酸度及酸形态转化的重要动力机制 ,可导致ASS酸度和酸形态的有规律变化。ASS产酸量和洗酸量受干湿交替周期制约     

不同水动力条件下徒骇河沉积物营养盐释放规律研究

对不同水动力条件下上覆水体中总磷（TP）、可溶性正磷酸盐以及总氮（TN）的释放规律进行了研究。结果表明,徒骇河沉积物中TP的释放随着水体扰动强度的增强而增强,呈现一定的正相关关系;沉积物中可溶性正磷酸盐在释放过程中存在一个最适扰动强度,转速增强或减弱释放均减弱;而TN在一定扰动强度内,不受扰动时的释放强度比扰动时要大。     

(长)江(巢)湖水质差异性对改善巢湖水质的调水方式影响研究

通过对(长)江(巢)湖水质相关关系的分析,定量判定巢湖、长江分月水质差别,确定了以改善巢湖水动力条件为主的生态引水改善巢湖水环境的方式,以及在该方式下的生态调水水利工程控制运用办法。该结论将作为生态调水方案的一部分,为改善巢湖东半湖水质及富营养化状况生态调水提供建议。     

调整作业参数对小网目南极磷虾拖网水动力性能的影响

小网目南极磷虾拖网有规格小、操作方便、起放网省时的特点。针对规格为185.4 m×97.5 m(41.8 m)的小网目南极磷虾拖网的水平扩张、浮力、重锤重量、沉力、空纲长度5个作业参数,分别进行3~6次调整试验,测试阻力和网口高度,并比较能耗系数。结果表明:在下纲端部间距分别为16.65、18.75、20.85m 3种水平扩张下,扩大水平扩张可引起网口高度下降,但阻力上升的幅度不大,能耗系数变化不明显;随着浮力的增加,网具阻力、网口高度均呈上升趋势,低拖速下增加浮力对网口高度的提升效果更明显,浮力增加可使网具的能耗系数下降,但在浮力达到19.6 k N后,再增加浮力能耗系数反而有所升高;增加重锤重量和在下中纲处增加沉力对网具阻力的影响效果相近,均呈上升趋势,增加重锤重量对网口高度的提升表现在低拖速时,随着拖速的上升网口高度的提升作用下降;增加沉力可提升网口高度,但在沉力达到14.36 k N后,再增加沉力对网口高度的提升效果不明显,能耗系数反而上升;空纲长度从66 m增加到84 m可明显提高网口高度,而网具阻力上升不明显,能耗系数呈下降趋势。     

波浪作用下半潜式养殖网箱水动力特性

半潜式深远海养殖网箱在波浪作用下会发生变形与运动。为保证网箱结构的稳定性,需对其水动力特性进行分析。本研究基于有限元法建立了波浪作用下一种半潜式网箱的数值模型,通过仿真计算求解网箱的锚绳受力与运动情况。首先,将计算机模拟值与物理水槽试验值进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。然后,分别研究了半潜式网箱在3种压载状态下的动力响应情况,分析比较了不同波浪条件下网箱锚绳张力、垂荡、纵荡和纵摇的计算结果。结果显示,计算值与试验值基本吻合,二者的相对误差在5%左右。当波高一定时,网箱迎浪侧和背浪侧锚绳受力与波浪周期改变无明显关联;当周期一定时,两侧锚绳受力均随波高的增加而增大。网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值均与波高呈正相关,随着半潜式网箱吃水的增加,网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值基本呈减小趋势。网箱在3种压载状态下最大垂荡值和纵荡值分别为12.67 m和10.59 m,网箱在空载状态下的最大纵摇值≤15°,表明半潜式网箱结构具有较好的稳定性。研究结果可为我国深远海养殖网箱设计提供理论参考。     

水动力对藻类的作用机理研究

归纳总结近年来国内外关于水动力对藻类生长影响的相关研究报道,针对水动力对藻类的作用机理进行综述。     

Control of retention in paper-making by colloid titration and zeta potential techniques

The concentration influence of some commercial polyethylenimines, used as retention agents, on the retention efficiency during the sheet formation is studied in this paper. The conditions of an industrial wire end have been simulated by means of a dynamic jar of exclusive design. Measurements of the zeta potential have been taken to quantify the surface charge of particles and the colloid titration ratio (quotient between the cationic demand and the anionic demand of pulp slurries) has been evaluated. Both techniques have proved convenient to monitor the retention level; therefore, they are efficient methods to control the retention level in the sheet formation. The univocal relation existing between zeta potential and the logarithm of the colloid titration ratio has been demonstrated. Finally, the variation of the level of turbulence has proved the importance of the hydrodynamics factors in the retention.