高压电压互感器的可靠性数据统计分析

本文根据高压电压互感器现场运行的调查材料,用概率统计的方法求出其寿命函数,并估计其平均故障率,为高压电压互感器的可靠性管理提供依据和参考。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation

 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root colonization was studied in a long-term field trial in which four farming systems currently in use in Switzerland were continuously applied to a randomized set of plots at a single field site from 1978 till 1993. There were two low-input farming systems (organic and bio-dynamic) and two high-input (conventional) farming systems (according to Swiss guidelines of integrated plant production with and without farmyard manure). The systems had an identical 7-year crop rotation and tillage scheme and differed essentially only in the amount and type of fertilizer supplied and in plant protection management. The percentage of root colonization by AM fungi was determined in field samples 2–3 times over the growing season in crops in the rotation, namely in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sardona), vetch-rye and grass-clover. We found the percentage of root length colonized by AM fungi to be 30–60% higher (P≤0.05) in the plants grown in soils from the low-input farming systems than in those grown in conventionally farmed soils. Approximately 50% of the variation of AM root colonization was explained by chemical properties of the soils (pH, soluble P and K, exchangeable Mg), the effect of soluble soil P being most pronounced. The potential of the field soils from the differently managed plots to cause symbiosis with AM fungi was tested in a glasshouse experiment, using wheat as a host plant. Soils from the low-input farming systems had a greatly enhanced capacity to initiate AM symbiosis. The relative differences in this capacity remained similar when propagules of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae were experimentally added to the soils, although overall root colonization by AM fungi was 2.8 times higher. Received: 27 August 1999     

轴流泵模型多叶片安放角的数值计算

在同一轴流泵模型0°安放角数值计算结果的基础上,应用ANSYS CFX软件,选择标准k-ε湍流模型和可伸缩壁面函数,在不同的叶片安放角下,采用全六面体网格和经网格无关性分析的网格数,分别在定常和非定常条件下进行了多工况的数值模拟和外特性计算,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比.在规范使用工具软件的条件下,分析了CFD数值模拟技术预估轴流泵性能的精度及其误差的特点.结果表明,非定常计算扬程值略高于试验值,而定常计算扬程值低于试验值,非定常计算的总体精度高于定常计算,且误差可控制在5%以内;定常和非定常预测的效率误差可控制在7%以内,且非定常计算的效率与试验效率存在一相对固定幅度的偏差,据此可用于修正同类模型效率的预测值.基于非定常计算的结果,进一步分析了叶轮和导叶圆柱面上流线分布、叶片截线压力分布和轴流泵过流部件各部分水力损失随叶轮叶片安放角和流量的变化规律,发现在小流量工况,靠近轮毂位置存在旋涡堵塞现象;在计算工况范围内,导叶段和出水段水力损失随流量的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势.     

基于模糊分析的农用运输车双万向传动轴可靠性优化设计

将模糊可靠性设计应用于农用运输车传动轴的优化设计,提出了农用车双万向传动轴的模糊可靠性优化设计方法,建立了在满足给定模糊可靠性要求设计条件下优化设计数学模型,并进行了实例计算。     

非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则下边坡可靠度上限

传统边坡可靠度分析往往在岩土参数服从线性Mohr-Coulomb（简称线性M-C）破坏准则的假设条件下进行,并且常常采用极限平衡法或有限元法计算安全系数。然而,岩土介质破坏准则具有一定的非线性。为能更加实际地描述岩土破坏机理和得到严格精确的解,基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb（简称非线性M-C）破坏准则,结合极限分析上限法和蒙特卡洛法,进行边坡可靠度上限分析。当非线性参数m=1时,与等效的线性M-C破坏准则进行对比计算,验证了方法的可行性。同时,将初始粘聚力、内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）和非线性参数作为随机变量且服从截断正态分布,进行了参数变异性和敏感性影响分析。研究表明：非线性M-C破坏准则下,边坡可靠度随初始粘聚力、内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）和非线性参数变异性的增大而减小;边坡可靠度随初始粘聚力和内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）的增大而增大,随非线性参数的增大而减小。     

果蔬农产品质量安全影响因素的研究

本文在对我国果蔬农产品质量安全现状分析的基础上,结合大量文献和理论知识,提出了影响果蔬质量安全的因素,并通过大量调查问卷验证了假设的可信度和有效性。旨在为科学的评价和保障果蔬的质量安全提供一种有效的方法和理论支持。     

Long-term continuous cropping in the Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley production

Conventional tillage winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (WW)–summer fallow reduces soil productivity and increases soil erosion. Conservation tillage management, together with intensive cropping may have the potential to reverse these sustainability concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on grain yield of long-term annual cropping of monoculture WW, spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) (SB) grown with or without fertilizer, in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. In unfertilized crops, grain yield of WW, SW, and SB was 15%, 25%, and 50% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT plots, an indication of the involvement of yield limiting factors under the NT cropping system. When fertilized, there were no significant differences in grain yield of WW. Yields of SW and SB, however, remained 21% and 15% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT, an indication that factors other than fertility were involved. These results suggest that in order for NT management to be widely adopted by area growers, the yield-limiting factors need to be addressed.     

基于模糊理论玻璃钢游艇总纵弯曲可靠度计算

基于玻璃钢游艇材料在被破坏时的模糊性,建立了模糊状态下玻璃钢游艇的可靠性模型,并计算了一艘玻璃钢游艇的总纵弯曲下的艇体结构可靠度.针对正态分布的结构极限方程和非正态分布的模糊变量,应用JC法计算结构经典可靠度;采用隶属度函数进行模糊可靠度的计算.最后,将计算的玻璃钢游艇总纵弯曲下的结构模糊可靠度结果与经典可靠度下的计算结果作对比,提出模糊可靠度的合理性及经典可靠度的保守性的结论.     

等壳碾压混凝土重力坝层间抗滑稳定可靠度分析

针对以有限元为基础分析碾压混凝土重力坝层间可靠度其功能函数不能显式表达的特点,采用响应面法、JC法、窄界限法原理相结合的可靠度计算方法。由三维非线性有限元对等壳水电站碾压混凝土重力坝各随机变量分位点值的计算结果,采用抗剪断公式构建该电站非溢流坝段层面的功能函数,求得响应面方程,并应用JC法和窄界限法计算层间单元可靠度指标及层间体系可靠度指标,进一步分析材料的变异系数对体系可靠度的影响。结果表明,φ是影响体系可靠度指标的最敏感因子,碾压各层β值一般为4.16～5.70,层间体系可靠度β'为4.12,满足工程要求。该方法计算效率高,实用性强,用于碾压混凝土重力坝层间抗滑稳定可靠度分析是可行的,值得推广。     

小波特征与传统光谱特征估测冬小麦条锈病病情严重度的对比研究

为探讨通过小波特征监测小麦条锈病发病程度的可行性,利用连续小波变换提取的小麦冠层光谱350~1 300 nm范围内的9个小波特征和传统光谱特征（植被指数、一阶微分变换特征和连续统特征）,借助偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）建立反演模型,分别将传统光谱特征（SFs）、小波特征（WFs）及传统光谱特征与小波特征结合(SFs & WFs）作为模型的输入,对小麦条锈病病情进行反演。结果表明：（1）小波特征与条锈病严重度的相关性比传统光谱特征强;（2）基于小波特征的模型估测精度（R为0.837）优于基于传统光谱特征的模型估测精度（R为0.824）;（3）传统光谱特征与小波特征结合的模型精度最高,R为0.876,RMSE仅为0.096,因而传统光谱特征与小波特征相结合能够更好地对小麦条锈病病情严重度进行估测。