组氨醇脱氢酶抑制剂的研究动态

组氨醇脱氢酶(HDH)是组氨酸生物合成过程中最后两步反应的催化酶。对组氨醇脱氢酶的结构、催化机理、组氨醇脱氢酶抑制剂等方面的研究动态进行了较为详细的综述。     

代谢酶抑制剂PX对除草剂防除稗草的增效作用

为解决除草剂防除困难的问题,采用室内盆栽试验测定了PX、PM和Mn²⁺三种代谢酶抑制剂对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶防除稗草Echinochloa crus-galli的增效作用,测定不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对这5种除草剂的增效作用及其与莠去津混用后稗草体内谷胱甘肽转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和细胞色素 P450（cytochrome P450,CYP450）活性的变化。结果显示,在3种代谢酶抑制剂中,代谢酶抑制剂PX对精喹禾灵、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮和烯禾啶5种除草剂的增效作用最显著。不同用量代谢酶抑制剂PX对不同除草剂的增效作用不同,其中75 g (a.i.)/hm²代谢酶抑制剂PX对莠去津的增效最佳,株防除效果和鲜重防除效果分别增加了35.33个百分点和37.33个百分点。莠去津与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用后,稗草体内GST和CYP450活性均较对照显著降低。表明除草剂与代谢酶抑制剂PX混用能增加除草剂对稗草的防除效果,可以达到减施除草剂的目的。     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on soil mineral N, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality in a grazed pasture system

Recent lysimeter studies have demonstrated that the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), can reduce nitrate (NO) leaching losses from cow urine patches in grazed pasture systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of fine particle suspension (FPS) DCD on soil mineral N components, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality under grazed pasture conditions. A field study was conducted on the Lincoln University dairy farm, Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2002 to 2006. FPS DCD was applied to grazed pasture plots at 10 kg ha^?1 in early May in addition to applied cow urine patches at a nitrogen (N) loading rate of 1000 kg N ha^?1, with DCD reapplied in early August. Soil mineral N levels in the urine patches were monitored. Pasture yield, N and cation concentrations and uptake were measured in treatment urine patches and inter‐urine areas of the pasture. Comparisons were made with control plots which did not receive DCD. NO levels under the DCD‐treated urine patches (0–7.5 cm) were in the order of 10 kg N ha^?1 compared with 40–80 kg N ha^?1 under untreated patches, and soil ammonium (NH) levels were consistently higher under the DCD‐treated patches. The DCD significantly and consistently increased pasture yield in both the urine patches, and inter‐urine areas of the pasture in all 4 years of the trial. Mean annual dry matter (DM) yields over 4 years were inter‐urine areas, 10.3; inter‐urine + DCD, 12.4; urine, 12.4 and urine +DCD 16.0 t DM ha^?1, representing an average DM yield increase of 20 and 29% in inter‐urine and urine patch areas, respectively. On a whole paddock basis, the increase in annual DM yield resulting from DCD application was estimated to be 21%. N, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) concentrations in pasture were unaffected by treatment with DCD; however, total annual uptake of these nutrients by pasture was significantly higher in all years where DCD had been applied. Pasture DM, protein, carbohydrate, metabolizable energy and fibre levels and sward clover content were not affected by treatment with DCD. The results demonstrate the agronomic value of the DCD treatment in addition to the environmental benefits in a grazed pasture system.     

Degradation of AM Nitrification Inhibitor in Soil of Subtropical Region

The aim of the study was to evaluate the degradation and persistence of 2-amino 4-chloro 6-methyl pyrimidine (AM), nitrification inhibitor at 1 and 2 µg g^?1 application rates in soil. The extraction of AM was done by QuEChER’s (Quick, Easy. Cheap. Rugged and Safe) method and the quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AM decreased with time at both the levels of application with the decline being faster in the beginning up to 7 d. Dissipation of AM occurred in a single phase with the persistence data fitting well to the first-order kinetics. Half-lives of AM were determined to be 14.33 and 16.7 d at 1 and 2 µg g^–1 levels application rates. Since AM remains effective for an adequate period of time, it can be used for increasing efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers in rice–wheat cropping systems as well as a safeguard for controlling environmental pollution in subtropical soils.     

Response of broiler chicks to non-steam- or steam-pelleted diets containing raw,full-fat soybean meal

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of steam pelleting of diets containing graded levels of raw, full-fat soybean meal (RSBM) on the chemical properties and feeding values of the diets. Samples of diets with steam- or non-steam-pelleted as well as the mash containing varying levels of RSBM were subjected to detailed chemical analysis. As a result of this study, trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentrations in the diets ranged between 4,153 and 10,484 TIU/g. Amino acid concentrations were higher in the non-steam-pelleted and mash diets than the steam-pelleted diets. A 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (RSBM: zero, 10, 20 or 30%, equivalent to zero, 30, 60, and 90 g/kg of diet, respectively, and non-steam- or steam-pelleted diets) was used while feeding broiler chicks (zero to 14 d of age). Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 8 birds per replicate. As a result of this study, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in mortality of birds among the groups. Feed intake (FI) (P < 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) (P < 0.001) decreased with increasing levels of RSBM. Birds fed on steam-pelleted diets gained less (P < 0.001) weight than birds on the non-steam-pelleted diets, but the FI was not significantly (P > 0.05) different. The FCR was negatively affected (P < 0.05) by increasing levels of RSBM. There was no interaction effect between RSBM and pelleting method on the FI, BWG, or FCR of birds. The weight of the pancreas (P < 0.001) and duodenum (P < 0.01) increased with a rise in the level of RSBM in diets. Non-steam pelleting increased (P < 0.05) the pancreatic protein content, whereas the activity of chymotrypsin was reduced (P < 0.01) when the RSBM level was increased. Birds fed with RSBM-free diets had thicker muscle, longer villi, wider villus surface area, and higher villus to crypt depth ratios than birds on the other diets, but these differences were not significant. It can be concluded that steam pelleting of diets containing RSBM is inadequate to reduce the adverse impact of TI on chicks.     

抑制鹿源多药耐药结核菌中药的筛选

为了筛选对鹿源多药耐药结核菌有效的中药耐药抑制剂,通过MABA法检测24种中药的水和乙醇提取物对多药耐药结核菌及标准菌H37Rv的体外抗菌效果,将筛选出的抗菌效果好的黄连醇提物和黄连水提物采用紫外分光光度法进行活性成分含量测定,同时以MABA法与标准品比较体外抗结核菌活性。结果显示,黄连、独活和侧柏叶有明显的抗结核活性,其中黄连水粗提物和乙醇粗提物效果最佳,测得它们活性成分即总生物碱含量分别为22.74%和35.23%,并显示二者与小檗碱的体外抗结核作用相同。     

黄血抑制纯合系白银的选育初报

从欧系品种中筛选出黄血抑制基因 ,并将其导入皮斑限性实用蚕品种 871中 ,选除不良基因 ,经纯合固定 ,得到综合性状优良的皮斑限性黄血抑制纯合系统 ,命名为白银 (♀IIW+p, IIZZ)。在茧形上 ,一方偏中系选择 ,另一方偏欧系选择 ,分别建立白银A 系及白银B 系。与限性黄茧 (♀iiWYZ , iiZZ)对交 ,F1代全为白茧 ,有望使限性黄茧实用化     

稳定性肥料在中国不同区域的施用效果及施用量

  【目的】  对单个区域或者单种作物开展的抑制剂或者稳定性肥料效果研究受土壤类型和气候区域限制,无法为稳定性肥料在不同地理区域的生产和施用提供科学的数据支持。为此,我们在全国范围进行了稳定性肥料施用效果试验,为稳定性肥料的科学施用提供依据。  【方法】  稳定性肥料产业技术战略联盟于2009—2018年在全国7大地理区域进行了大田试验,比较了等养分条件下,施用稳定性肥料和常规施肥的增产效果,统计分析了2014—2018年的研究结果。  【结果】  在华南、西南、华中、华东、华北、西北、东北地区,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料 (SF) 相对常规施肥 (CK) 的作物平均增产率分别为5.00%、13.40%、6.96%、8.68%、16.30%、8.72%和5.80%,氮肥农学利用率 (NAE) 增幅分别为36.11%、29.84%、27.25%、51.02%、54.73%和21.00% (无华北NAE数据);80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料 (80%SF) 处理相比CK的增产率分别为1.62%、10.38%、1.78%、6.34%、8.35%、1.44%和0.09%,NAE增幅分别为78.24%、81.41%、49.22%、20.10%、38.96%和62.10%;80%SF处理相对SF处理的作物产量平均减少3.92%、1.22%、1.25%、3.49%、0.07%、1.08%和0.05%,NAE增幅分别为30.95%、40.11%、17.27%、–20.48%、–10.19%和33.97%,与SF处理的作物产量相比,减施20%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料在各个区域均带来小幅减产,80%SF处理相对SF处理的减产幅度在华中、华北、西北和东北地区差异显著 (P < 0.05),在华南、西南和华东地区差异不显著,80%SF处理相对SF处理的NAE差异多不显著;从全国范围来看,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理平均能提高作物产量8.54%和提高NAE 21.77%,80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理能使产量和NAE分别提高3.13%和26.39%。主成分分析结果发现,稳定性肥料增产率主要受到两种有效公因子的影响,即养分因子和pH因子;稳定性肥料增产率与土壤养分主要呈负相关关系,土壤养分越低,稳定性肥料的增产效果越强,稳定性肥料在贫瘠土壤上产生的经济效益越大 (西北极端干旱地区土壤除外);稳定性肥料增产率与土壤pH呈正相关关系,土壤pH越高,稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果越强。  【结论】  施用稳定性肥料在全国主要种植区域均取得了明显的增产节肥效应,完全可以替代常规施肥模式。综合对比等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式和80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式对增产和提高NAE的效果,华东、华中、华北、西北、东北以等常规施肥养分施用稳定性肥料的效果较好,华南、西南稳定性肥料的施用量则以80%的常规施肥养分量为宜。影响稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果最重要的土壤因素是土壤养分,其次是土壤pH。