Essential Factors and Sustainable Development of Green Agriculture

This paper discussed the definition and essential factors of green agriculture, including green ecological environment, green material energy input, application and the popularization of green agricultural technology, the green behavior of worker, green policy regulations guarantee, fund support, supply and the production of green agriculture products, as well as the concept of green agriculture, structural mechanism and function. And finally existing problems in present green agriculture and five suggestions of green agricultural sustainable develonment were proposed.     

火炬松短周期工业材不同高度上干缩性能的研究

对湖南同一立地指数（１８）下，５株１７．５年生的火炬松（ＰｉｎａｓｔａｅｄａＬ．）短周期工业材１．３，３．６，５．６，７．６，９．６ｍ５个高度的木材干缩系数、基本密度、生长轮宽度、晚材率和微纤丝角度，按生长轮取样，进行了测量和统计分析．结果表明，弦向、径向、体积干缩系数和干缩比，在树于５个高度之间的差异，均达到了显著水平；各高度干缩系数与生长轮的年龄（离髓心的距离）以及与上述各主要构造因子之间呈显著的线性相关，且相关度度随树干高度的增加而减弱．     

小黑麦与黑麦花序结构和籽粒特性比较

植物的花序结构及其形态特征是影响种子生产性能的重要因素。对于禾本科植物而言,其花序大小、小穗数、小花数及小花的外稃、内稃和芒的性状特征直接影响种子形成和产量。本研究通过测定小黑麦品系C2、C35和黑麦品系C13、C33的花序结构特征,得到以下结果:小黑麦花序[(14.30±0.52) cm×(1.24±0.09) cm]明显大于黑麦[(13.20±0.35) cm×(0.82±0.02) cm],小黑麦花序长而粗,黑麦花序短而细;小黑麦花序的小穗数[(21.35±1.47)个]少于黑麦[(30.20±0.79)个];小黑麦每个小穗的小花数较多,为3~4朵,黑麦的小花数趋于稳定,每个小穗有2朵小花。从花序中部小穗的小花结构看,小黑麦下位护颖长[(1.27±0.11) cm]和宽[(0.26±0.03) cm]、上位护颖长[(1.30±0.09) cm]和宽[(0.23±0.04) cm]均显著大于黑麦下位护颖长[(1.04±0.05) cm]和宽[(0.08±0.01) cm]、上位护颖长[(0.94±0.10) cm]和宽[(0.06±0.01) cm];小黑麦中部小穗第1小花的外稃宽[(0.32±0.03) cm]、外稃高[(0.24±0.03) cm]和芒长[(8.35±0.51) cm]、第2小花的外稃宽[(0.35±0.04) cm]、外稃高[(0.25±0.05) cm]和芒长[(8.37±1.19) cm]极显著大于黑麦相应值[(0.26±0.01),(0.15±0.01),(5.50±0.19),(0.25±0.01),(0.17±0.01)和(5.18±0.23) cm];第1和第2小花的外稃长[(1.35±0.06),(1.37±0.06) cm]和内稃长[(0.84±0.04),(1.41±0.06) cm]均小于黑麦的外稃长[(1.49±0.05),(1.47±0.05) cm]和内稃长[(1.45±0.05),(1.47±0.04) cm]。小黑麦的穗粒数[(52.50±1.80)粒]显著低于黑麦[(58.50±2.50)粒] (P<0.05),但其穗粒重[(2.08±0.04) g]、粒重[(0.04±0.00) g]和籽粒宽[(3.04±0.32) mm]均极显著高于黑麦 (P<0.01),每个花序的籽粒不仅体积大,而且质量较重,其籽粒的生产性能高于黑麦。小黑麦籽粒呈椭圆形或长卵圆形,浅黄色,表皮皱缩,饱满度差;黑麦籽粒呈窄纺锤形,青灰色,表皮光滑,籽粒饱满。小黑麦和黑麦花序结构与籽粒性状的Pearson相关分析表明,小黑麦花序宽和花序基部小穗数与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),花序长与籽粒宽极显著正相关(P<0.01),花序中部小穗的下、上位护颖宽分别与穗粒重和穗粒数极显著正相关(P<0.01);黑麦花序中部小穗第2小花的内稃长与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),外稃高与穗粒数极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究小黑麦和黑麦的花序结构和籽粒特征,对正确区分二者和了解其籽粒的生产性能具有重要意义,同时有利于小黑麦的示范推广。     

Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Bacillus: A Comprehensive Review of Origins,Structures, and Bioactivities

The marine is a highly complex ecosystem including various microorganisms. Bacillus species is a predominant microbialflora widely distributed in marine ecosystems. This review aims to provide a systematic summary of the newly reported metabolites produced by marine-derived Bacillus species over recent years covering the literature from 2014 to 2021. It describes the structural diversity and biological activities of the reported compounds. Herein, a total of 87 newly reported metabolites are included in this article, among which 49 compounds originated from marine sediments, indicating that marine sediments are majority sources of productive strains of Bacillus species Therefore, marine-derived Bacillus species are a potentially promising source for the discovery of new metabolites.     

May the Force (Field) Be with You: On the Importance of Conformational Searches in the Prediction of NMR Chemical Shifts

NMR data prediction is increasingly important in structure elucidation. The impact of force field selection was assessed, along with geometry and energy cutoffs. Based on the conclusions, we propose a new approach named mix-J-DP4, which provides a remarkable increase in the confidence level of complex stereochemical assignments—100% in our molecular test set—with a very modest increment in computational cost.     

Effects of structural and depositional crusts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

Conventional tillage practices used on the Loess Plateau lead to different soil surface micro-topography which results in forming two types of soil crusts. The objective of this study was to explore the formation position, properties and erosion characteristics of structural crusts and depositional crusts under the influences of the microtopography in the rainfall experiments. Two simulated rainstorms were applied in the experiments. The first rainfall event was used for soil crust formation, then the following simulated rainfall storms at 40 mm h^?1, 60 mm h^?1, and 80 mm h^?1 rates were applied to the soil boxes set to a 17.6% (10°) slope under three tillage types (contour tillage, artificial digging, and straight slope conditions) to investigate the resulting runoff discharge rate and sediment yield on crusted soil surface. Results show that: (1) structural crusts formed on the mounds, and depositional crusts formed in the depressions after the first rainfall events; structural crusts exhibit a lower thickness, bulk density, higher porosity and shear strength than depositional crusts; (2) structural crusts increased the runoff yield less and decreased the sediment yield more than depositional crusts; and (3) the runoff yield was significantly greater, and the sediment yield was lower on the crusted soil surface than that on the uncrusted soil surface, regardless of the effect of the tillage treatments.     

东北针阔混交林生物量动态过程及稳定性研究

目的 探讨东北地区混交林地上生物量动态过程驱动因子,以准确理解森林服务和功能。 方法 基于东北金沟岭林场的110块固定样地,描述了1987—2017年的森林动态变化过程。利用分段结构方程模型来评估森林结构、气候、地形和多样性对地上生物量的森林动态过程（生长、进界和死亡）的影响,并进一步探究生物量动态过程对稳定性的作用。 结果 表明,生物量生长量受到林分断面积（β=0.562）、海拔（β=0.853）和年均温（β=0.820）的正向影响,与胸径基尼系数呈负相关（β=-0.274）。生物量进界增长量随海拔（β=0.913）、年均温（β=0.944）的增加而增加,与胸径变异系数呈显著负相关（β=-0.233）。生物量死亡损失量只与林分断面积（β=0.467）呈显著正相关。另外,本研究还发现,死亡是影响森林生物量稳定性的最重要因素。 结论 总体来看,海拔和年均温是林分生物量变化的重要驱动因素,以后要更加关注死亡树木的情况,从而更好地进行森林经营。     

西南喀斯特区砾石对石灰土土壤孔隙及水分入渗的影响

[目的] 砾石是影响土壤孔隙和水分入渗的重要因素,明确砾石通过改变哪些土壤孔隙特征进而影响水分入渗具有重要意义。[方法] 以西南喀斯特地区砾石含量高的石灰土为研究对象,采用CT扫描和室内一维土柱入渗试验,对比分析2种砾石粒径(2.0~5.0,5.0~12.5 mm)和5种砾石含量(0,10％,20％,30％,40％)条件下的土壤孔隙特征及水分入渗特性,并使用结构方程模型探究土壤孔隙特征与入渗特性之间的耦合关系。[结果] (1)含砾石土壤的大孔隙度、孔隙连通率、孔隙形状因子、孔隙表面积和孔隙体积均高于无砾石土壤;且当砾石含量为20%和30%时,孔隙连通率与孔隙形状因子和无砾石土壤之间存在显著性差异(p<0.05);(2)砾石改善土壤入渗性能,粒径为2.0~5.0 mm时,砾石含量从10%到40%的稳定入渗率分别是无砾石土壤的4.02,5.00,2.88,5.14倍,累积入渗量分别是1.67,1.76,2.49,2.39倍;粒径为5.0~12.5 mm时,土壤稳定入渗率分别是无砾石的2.20,2.67,4.78,2.78倍,累积入渗量分别是1.42,1.75,2.46,2.02倍。(3)在结构方程模型中砾石含量与孔隙连通率、孔隙等效直径呈正相关关系,孔隙连通率对稳定入渗率的影响最大,孔隙等效直径对累积入渗量的影响最大。[结论] 砾石含量主要通过增加土壤孔隙连通率和孔隙等效直径促进水分入渗,研究结果可为深入认识西南喀斯特地区含砾石土壤的水文过程提供科学依据与理论参考。     

PRRSV国内流行毒株的分离鉴定及结构基因的分析

从国内发病猪场采集的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）病料中,分离到8株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）。病毒分离培养表明,JS1-JS5第1代即可适应Marc-145细胞。GD1-GD3经Marc-145细胞3次-4次传代后出现明显的细胞病变。间接免疫荧光试验表明,8个分离毒株与抗PRRSV抗体均可出现特异性的胞浆荧光。它们对氯仿、甲醛、酸和碱均敏感。5-溴-2′-脱氧尿核苷对其无抑制作用。参照GenBank中已发表的PRRSV的序列设计了两对特异性引物,分别对所分离毒株进行部分nsp2基因和结构基因的扩增。发现JS1-JS5nsp2基因发生了部分缺失。选择JS1、JS5、GD3进行nsp2基因和结构基因的扩增和测序。序列分析结果表明,JS1、JS5和2006年以后国内分离到的高致病性PRRSV高度同源。GD3的Nsp2基因虽然没有发生第534位-第562位氨基酸的缺失,但与2006年以后分离的毒株一样,发生了第482位氨基酸的缺失。通过对3个分离毒株与其他国内分离毒株的结构基因序列进行系统进化分析发现,我国的PRRSV流行毒株可大致划分为两个亚型,JS1、JS5、GD3、CH-1a、JXA1、HUN4、SHH等属于一个亚型,BJ-4、CC-1属于另一个亚型。亚型间核苷酸序列同源性为91.2%-91.8%。     

增湿过程中结构性黄土强度对抗滑桩间距的影响

【目的】探讨增湿、扰动作用下结构性参数降低对土性参数和抗滑桩间距的影响。【方法】通过单轴压缩试验,分析初始结构性参数随含水率变化的规律以及构度指标变化对结构性土黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响。在抗滑桩拱端的土拱效应中,通过静力平衡方程建立拱间距与黏聚力的关系,并将构度指标对黏聚力的影响引入公式,从而分析构度指标变化对土拱间距的影响。【结果】构度指标随含水率的增大而减小,构度指标减弱导致黏聚力明显降低而内摩擦角变化较小,在增湿过程中将构度指标引入抗滑桩间距计算公式,其变化直接影响到抗滑桩间距的大小。【结论】构度指标是影响抗滑桩间距大小的最主要因素之一,在抗滑桩设计中引入结构性参数这一指标,为合理确定抗滑桩间距提供了一种新的方法和理论。