A Simple Device to Prepare Single Ears of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) for Seeding with the "Seedmatic-System"

Spelt is usually planted as spikelets. These cannot be obtained by the threshing machines generally used for bread wheat. With a simple device it is possible to separate single ears of spelt into spikelets ready for sowing. At the same time, it is possible to score the fragility of the rachis and the degree of free thresh-ability, both important characteristics for the selection of spelt.     

Chromosomal interchanges and phylogeny of some accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta

Summary The occurrence of chromosomal interchanges was studied in F1 hyrids in two diallel schemes, including nine accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta, originating from Iran, Europe and North Africa, and the common wheat variety Chinese Spring as a reference. Seven accessions of subsp. spelta differed in one translocation from Chinese Spring. The European accession Grey differed in one or perhaps two interchanges from the reference variety, and Iran 417a showed a difference of three interchanges with Chinese Spring. In total six or perhaps seven interchanges were observed. Thus the number of translocation events in subsp. spelta appeared to be low. One translocation was unique and occurred only in the accession from North Africa. Also one accession from Europe, the landrace Schwarzwald, possibly carried a unique translocation. In both diallels an interchange with a relatively low coefficient of multivalent realisation at first meiotic metaphase was observed in most accessions. The two extra translocations in Iran 417a are considered to be the result of more recent translocation events, whereas the possible second translocation in accession Grey showed such a low coefficient of multivalent realisation that its existence could be doubted.     

Variation and genetic diversity for gliadins in Spanish spelt wheat accessions

Gliadin composition has been analysed in 403 accessions of spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta); 61 different patterns were found for the -gliadins, 44 for the -gliadins, 19 for the -gliadins and 15 for the -gliadins. A subset of 333 accessions belonging to fifty populations from Asturias, North of Spain, showed high levels of genetic variation (A = 3.89, P = 0.88, Ne = 3.35 and He = 0.553), indicating that 82.5% of the genetic variation was within populations, and only 18.5% among populations. Thirty-five of these populations presented more of five accessions, in this new subset the values of genetic variation were higher that those of fifty populations (A = 4.49, P = 0.91, Ne = 3.80 and He = 0.595). The genetic variation within populations was 59.7% of the total, and 40.3% among populations, which could be associated to fixation effects of some alleles by genetic drift.     

小麦种间杂种优势研究:Ⅰ.普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦及密穗小麦种间杂种产量和品质优势

以6个普通小麦为母本,5个斯卑尔脱小麦和 5个密穗小麦为父本配制6×10种间 NCⅡ双列杂交组合,对其杂种F1的产量及品质性状进行了研究。结果发现:小麦种间杂种在产量上具有明显的杂种优势,其中斯卑尔脱小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂交组合产量杂种优势平均为109.24%(43.14%~187.96%),单株穗数及千粒重平均优势较大且与产量优势的相关分别达极显著水平和显著水平;密穗小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂种的杂种优势为77.19%(-2.18%~143.42%),单株穗数和主穗粒数优势较大且与产量优势的相关均达极显著水平。种间杂种的品质指标中籽粒硬度大多降低,但农大3226所配组合均具正向优势,密穗小麦所配种间杂种籽粒蛋白质含量及湿面筋含量低于普通小麦。但是种间杂种沉淀值的杂种优势比较普遍。认为,种间杂种的品质性状在一些组合中比普通小麦有所提高。     

Spelt, an ancient cereal and first pressure linseed oil as ingredients of compound feedstuffs for modern horse feeding

Spelt is a covered cereal with large glumellas. In experiment 1, it has been compared in terms of chemical composition with barley, oat and maize. Spelt is characterized by rather low protein and ether extract (EE) contents. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of spelt was slightly higher than that of oat but the acid detergent fibre (ADF) content was lower. Two compound feedstuffs were fed along with hay to six horses used in a cross-over design. Both diets were well appreciated by the horses and there were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility coefficients, except for EE which was significantly higher, when oat was included in the compound feedstuff. In experiment 2, first pressure linseed oil was incorporated at a rate of 8% in a control compound feedstuff, where the barley was partly substituted by the oil. The fat content was 9.6% dry matter (DM) in the linseed oil compound feedstuff and 5.4% in the hay-concentrate ration. The inclusion of linseed oil increased the digestibility of DM, EE and NDF of the diet. There were no effects on the post-prandial concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) but the insulin concentration was significantly reduced with the linseed oil inclusion. There were significant increases in the plasma concentrations of the total fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), C18:3 n-3 and C18:2 n-6 and significant reductions in the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), C18:1 n-7 + n-9 and C20:4 n-6. It is concluded that the inclusions of spelt and first pressure linseed oil in compound feed stuff for horse are of interest for modern horse feeding.     

A Comparative Analysis of Free, Bound and Total Lipid Content on Spelt and Winter Wheat Wholemeal

Free lipids (FL), bound lipids (BL) and total lipids (TL) were determined by the Soxhlet method in whole ground spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) and hexaploid winter wheat (T. aestivum) samples. Ninety-one samples of spelt and 78 samples of winter wheat were analysed in the present study. The available material is representative of the wide variability found in spelt (true spelt forms compared with spelt wheat hybrid material). The results show that spelt differs from winter wheat by a higher FL and TL content (on average, 1·3 times and 1·2 times respectively). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that FL account for most of the high TL content of spelt as compared to winter wheat. Lipid content is a parameter which allows a distinction between spelt and winter wheat. This could be useful for breeders to classify spelt varieties.     

小麦杂种优势群研究 Ⅵ．普通小麦与穗分枝小麦、轮回选择后代材料、西藏半野生小麦和斯卑尔脱小麦早熟诱变系的SSR分子标记遗传差异研究

为分析小麦杂种优势群，采用微卫星（SSR）分子标记对中国北方冬麦区普通小麦（20份）、穗分枝小麦（4份）、轮回选择后代（14份）、西藏半野生小麦（3份）和斯卑尔脱小麦Hubel早熟诱变系（4份）共45份材料的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明，所用23个SSR引物在45个材料间共检测出226个等位变异，每个引物检测出5～16个等位变异，平均为9．82个。普通小麦群体与轮回选择后代、穗分枝小麦、西藏半野生小麦和Hubel诱变系间的遗传距离分别为0．7715、0．8145、0．9087和0．9217，均明显高于普通小麦群体内的0．6622；在聚类结果上，普通小麦、穗分枝小麦、轮回选择后代、西藏半野生小麦和Hubel诱变系也被明显地划分为五大不同类群，说明普通小麦群体与穗分枝小麦、轮回选择后代、西藏半野生小麦和Hubel诱变系间存在着较大的遗传差异。其中。轮回选择后代、穗分枝小麦和Hubel诱变系与普通小麦杂交F1代育性正常，且为普通小麦表型，可用作杂交小麦的亲本。西藏半野生小麦成熟时期穗轴自然断落，不利于收获，在用于小麦杂种优势利用时须先进行遗传改良。     

斯卑尔脱小麦品质性状分析

对142份斯卑尔脱小麦材料进行了品质性状测定与分析。结果表明,被测性状存在较大的遗传变异,绝大多数材料为软质和角质;平均蛋白质含量16.06%,104份材料的湿面筋含量>28%,达到中筋小麦标准。56.82%材料的沉降值大于50 mL;面团吸水率>70%的材料有73份,形成时间大于7.5 min的材料有3份;筛选到蛋白含量>20%的材料3份,高沉降值(>75 mL)材料10份。6份品质性状且农艺性状均较好的斯卑尔脱小麦可望用于普通小麦品质遗传改良。     

Kernel, Milling and Baking Properties of Spring-Type Spelt and Einkorn Wheats

One accession of einkorn (Triticum monococcum) and five spring spelt accessions (T. aestivumsubsp.spelta) were selected and grown at five locations in 1992 and 1993 for evaluation of kernel, milling and baking properties. The high protein einkorn accession (TM23) was similar to common hard red spring (HRS) wheat in kernel size but the soft grain gave low flour yields. Einkorn flour had low sedimentation values, weak Mixograph curves and low loaf volumes with no bromate response. The two large-seeded spelt accessions, SK0021 and PGR8801, were comparable to common HRS wheat in kernel hardness, flour yield and protein content, but were very inferior in falling number, sedimentation value, Mixograph characteristics, loaf volume, crumb texture and colour. The spelt accessions, SK0505, SK0263 and RL5407, also exhibited large kernels but were soft in texture and gave high flour yields, intermediate sedimentation values, weak Mixograph characteristics, but satisfactory loaf volumes and bromate responses relative to HRS wheat. With addition of only 15 ppm bromate, the latter spelt accessions gave breads with loaf volumes similar to those of HRS wheat breads. In sensory tests, these spelt breads were intermediate in preference as compared to HRS wheat breads.     

Development of RAPD markers associated with common bunt resistance to race T1 (Tilletia tritici) in spelt wheat

Common bunt caused by Tilletia tritici and T. laevis has occurred worldwide and reduces yield and quality in common and durum wheats. The development of DNA markers linked to bunt resistance to race T1 in the cross, ‘Laura’(S) בRL5407’ (R), was carried out in this study based on the single head derived F_4:5 and single seed derived F_4:6 populations. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify two random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the gene for resistance to race T1 in the spelt wheat ‘RL5407′. The two markers identified, UBC548₅₉₀ and UBC274₉₈₈, flanked the resistance gene with a map distance of 9.1 and 18.2 cM, respectively. The former was linked in repulsion phase to bunt resistance while the later was in coupling phase. The two RAPD markers and the common bunt‐resistance gene all segregated in Mendelian fashion. Use of these two RAPD markers together could assist in incorporating the bunt‐resistance gene from spelt wheat into common wheat cultivars by means of marker‐assisted selection.