脱硫副产物改良苏打碱土的田间效应分析

通过2年的田间小区向日葵种植试验,分析了脱硫副产物改良苏打碱土对ESP、SAR、pH值和向日葵产量的影响,提出了脱硫产物改良苏打碱土的合理施用量和施用方式。研究设4个脱硫副产物水平(18750、22500、26250和30000kg/hm2)。研究结果表明:施加脱硫副产物后各处理的ESP、SAR和pH值都明显降低,向日葵产量明显提高;经过2年的改良后,耕作层土壤的ESP、pH和SAR分别小于15、8.5和13,向日葵产量达到1100kg/hm2;脱硫副产物存在利用效率问题,实际选用的脱硫副产物用量应在理论计算量的基础上乘以修正系数1.32;对于碱化度较高的土壤,应选用分批连续施用的方式,以避免形成盐害。     

保护地盐碱化土壤石膏改良的应用技术

介绍了石膏应用于保护地盐碱化土壤改良的原理与方法,内容包括石膏作用机制、石膏改良操作方法和土壤改良后的管理等,以期减轻保护地土壤盐碱化对作物生长的胁迫,指导生产实践。     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土盐化与碱化的关系

选择了76份苏打碱化土壤样品,对其各盐化与碱化指标进行了测定,分析了苏打碱化土壤盐化和碱化的关系.结果表明,土壤的碱化层和高含盐层出现在土壤中同一层次,因此该土壤盐化与碱化过程有密切联系.土壤含盐量与各碱化参数(ESP、SAR、总碱度、RSC和pH)均为正相关.土壤碱化度随含盐量的升高而增大,高盐分浓度对土壤碱化度的抑制作用,至少要在其浓度达到8.0 g/kg以上时才会出现.土壤中Na 、CO32-和HCO3-离子同各碱化参数之间均是极显著相关,同时Cl-离子与除pH外的各碱化参数极显著相关,这是该类型土壤兼有盐化和碱化特征的反映.统计分析表明,各盐分离子中Na 和CO32-离子对ESP的影响作用更大.     

苏打碱土区造林树种选择研究

通过对12个品种的人工模拟耐盐试验及7个地点的栽培试验,对黑龙江省西部苏打碱土区的造林树种进行了适应性研究。在系统的土壤分析基础上,通过对品种的综合评价,筛选出了适应性好的树种14个,并进行了适应范围的划分,为本地区盐碱地造林提供了科学依据。     

Reclamation of saline‐sodic soil under a rice–wheat system by horizontal surface flushing

Saline sodic soil with a high content of soluble carbonates is one of the important agricultural soils on the Central Indo‐Gangetic plains and elsewhere. Conventional reclamation procedures using gypsum application followed by vertical leaching (GC) is uneconomic; high ECe and precipitation of applied gypsum, reacting with soluble carbonates, reduce the efficacy of gypsum in these soils. This paper reports results from a project designed to evaluate reclamation by irrigation of the ploughed soil and turning of soil with a power tiller followed by flushing of standing water after 24 h, a second flushing after 7 days and subsequent application of gypsum and vertical leaching (GF2). Average rice and wheat production after GF2 significantly increased (25 and 62%, respectively) over the conventional practice. Compared with conventional treatment, GF2 significantly reduced the ECe and SAR of the soil and improved physical properties such as ζ‐potential, dispersible clay content, water stable aggregates expressed as MWD, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Split application of gypsum between flushing (GF1/2 and GF2/3) gave similar results to GF2 in terms of soil amelioration and crop production.     

Tillage Effects on Crop Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Sodic Soils

Tillage modifies soil structure and has been suggested as a practice to improve physical, hydrological and chemical properties of compacted soils. But little is known about effect of long‐term tillage on physicochemical soil properties and crop yield on sodic soils in India. Our objective was to investigate the effect of different tillage regimes on crop yield (wheat and paddy rice) and physicochemical properties of sodic soils. Two sodic sites under conventional tillage for 5 (5‐YT; 5‐year tillage) and 9 (9‐YT; 9‐year tillage) years were selected for this study. Changes in crop yield and physicochemical soil properties were compared with a control, sodic land without any till history, that is, 0‐year tillage/untilled (0‐YT). Five replicated samples at 0‐ to 10‐cm and 10‐ to 20‐cm soils depths were analysed from each site. In the top, 0‐ to 10‐cm soil depth 5‐YT and 9‐YT sites had higher particle density (Pd), porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen (N_t), available nitrogen (N_avail), phosphorus (P_avail) and exchangeable calcium (Exch. Ca⁺⁺) than 0‐YT, whereas bulk density (Bd), C : N ratio and CaCO₃ were significantly lower. Bd, pH, EC and CaCO₃ increased significantly with depth in all the lands, whereas Pd, porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, N_t, N_avail, P_avail and Exch. Ca⁺⁺ decreased. We conclude that continuous tillage and cropping can be useful for physical and chemical restoration of sodic soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amelioration of calcareous saline sodic soils through phytoremediation and chemical strategies

Abstract. The worldwide occurrence of saline sodic and sodic soils on more than half a billion hectares warrants attention for their efficient, inexpensive and environmentally acceptable management. These soils can be ameliorated by providing a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) to replace excess sodium (Na⁺) from the cation exchange sites. Although chemical amendments have long been used to ameliorate such soils, the chemical process has become costly during the last two decades in several developing countries. As a low‐cost and environmentally acceptable strategy, the cultivation of certain salt tolerant forage species on calcareous sodic and saline sodic soils, i.e. phytoremediation, has gained interest among scientists and farmers in recent years. In a field study conducted at three calcareous saline sodic sites (pH_s=8.1–8.8, EC_e=7.8–12.5 dS m^–1, SAR=30.6–76.1) in the Indus Plains of Pakistan, we compared chemical and phytoremediation methods. There were four treatments; two involved plants: Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth), and sesbania (Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight). The other two treatments were uncropped: soil application of gypsum and an untreated control. All treatments were irrigated with canal water (EC=0.22–0.28 dS m^–1). The plant species were grown for one season (5–6 months). Sesbania produced more forage yield (34 t ha^–1) than Kallar grass (23 t ha^–1). Phytoremediation and chemical treatments resulted in similar decreases in soil salinity and sodicity, indicating that phytoremediation may replace or supplement the more costly chemical approach. The soil amelioration potential of sesbania was similar to that of the Kallar grass, which suggests that moderately saline sodic calcareous soils can be improved by growing a forage legume with market value.     

LC土壤改良剂对土壤盐碱及大白菜生长的影响

进行了LC土壤改良剂对盐碱土壤的改良及对大白菜出苗、生长、产量的影响效果试验。结果表明,LC土壤改良剂对降低土壤耕层(0～40cm)可溶性盐效果明显;在提高大白菜出苗率和产量上有一定作用。同时探讨了LC土壤改良剂施用量。     

Genetic studies on saline and sodic tolerances in soybean

Salt-affected soils are generally classified into two main categories: saline and sodic (alkaline). Developing and using soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars with high salt tolerance is an effective way of maintaining sustainable production in areas where soybean growth is threatened by salt stress. Early classical genetics studies revealed that saline tolerance was conditioned by a single dominant gene. Recently, a series of studies consistently revealed a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for saline tolerance located on linkage group N (chromosome 3) around the SSR markers Satt255 and Sat_091; other minor QTLs were also reported. In the case of sodic tolerance, most studies focused on iron deficiency caused by a high soil pH, and several QTLs associated with iron deficiency were identified. A wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) accession with high sodic tolerance was recently identified, and a significant QTL for sodic tolerance was detected on linkage group D2 (chromosome 17). These studies demonstrated that saline and sodic tolerances were controlled by different genes in soybean. DNA markers closely associated with these QTLs can be used for marker-assisted selection to pyramid tolerance genes in soybean for both saline and sodic stresses.     

利用SAR和pH分析脱硫石膏改良碱(化) 土壤的机理

通过对碱土和强碱化2种土壤施加不同数量脱硫石膏进行改良的大田试验研究,探讨了土壤N a+吸附比SAR以及土壤溶液pH值的变化规律。研究结果表明:经过1年的大田试验后,2种土壤的在(0~15 cm的SAR以及pH值较对照均有了明显的降低,且不同处理的试验效果差异较大。1年的大田试验对15 cm以下土层的pH值影响甚微。这说明经过1年的大田试验后,根区活动层范围内的土壤钠碱化度明显降低,土壤理化性质在一定程度得到了改善。由于供试土壤的渗透性较差,经过N a+-C a2+交换后,0~15 cm土乘代换出的盐分不能全部被淋洗排出土体,在土体下层附集,这无疑说明了碱土改良是一个较漫长的过程。在改良的初始阶段,强度碱化土壤的改良效果要优于碱土区的改良效果,这是由土壤原有的碱化程度以及土壤的理化性质决定的。