中国草鱼和泰国草鱼利用牧草作食饵的比较

通过对中国草鱼（Ｃｔｅｎｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｄｏｎｉｄｅｌｌａ）和泰国草鱼（Ｐｕｎｔｉｕｓｇｏｎｉｏｎｏｔｕｓ）分别在常规的尼罗罗非鱼（Ｏｒｅｃｈｒｏｍｉｓ，ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ）、鲤鱼（Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓｃａｒｐｉｏ）和黑鱼（Ｃｈａｎｎａｓｔｒｉａｔａ）混养体系中养殖７个月，比较两者对牧草（Ｂｒａｃｈｉａｒｉａｍｕｔｉｃａ）的利用效果。试验结果表明，中国草鱼与泰国草鱼相比，无论是每尾体重，还是每尾体长、平均每尾日增重都有明显优势（Ｐ＜０．０５）．而且，放养３个月后，中国草鱼每尾体重和每尾日增重均极显著地优于泰国草鱼（Ｐ＜０．０１）．中国草鱼和泰国草鱼的年产量分别为２１８６ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，１２３３ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２．中国草鱼的成活率比泰国草鱼低，两者分别为３８％和８６％。     

硝酸银在水稻农杆菌转化中的作用

以籼稻、粳稻两种类型的成熟种子为外植体研究了不同浓度的AgNO3在水稻农杆菌转化中的作用。结果表明，在农杆菌转化前添加AgNO3可以提高愈伤组织诱导率，最适浓度为8～10mg／L，但对愈伤组织的分化没有明显促进作用；转化后添加低浓度的AgNO3可以减轻愈伤组织的褐化，提高抗性愈伤率和绿苗分化率，最适浓度为2-8mg／L。同时发现，无论是转化前还是转化后，添加高浓度的AgNO3对水稻愈伤组织的分化均具有毒害作用。     

Detection of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani in soils by bioassay

The sensitivity of a bioassay in detecting soil inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani was examined using potato minitubers and microplants. Tests were conducted on soils which were collected from fields in which the interval after a previous potato crop differed, and which were also artificially infested with conidia or microsclerotia. For C. coccodes , determining plant infection based on the occurrence of infected roots after 9–12 weeks was a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying the amount of inoculum in soil. Infestations of less than 0·4 microsclerotia per g soil were detected in artificially infested soils. A semiselective medium, developed for isolating C. gloeosporioides from pepper, detected soil infestations by C. coccodes as low as nine conidia or one microsclerotium per g soil in artificially infested soil. For H. solani , infection on minitubers was a sensitive measure, with soil inoculum of fewer than 10 conidia per g soil being detected. Soil infestation could be quantified by assessing the percentage surface area of minitubers covered by sporulating lesions, which was strongly related to the amount of soil infestation. The results of these bioassay tests were compared with published results for real-time quantitative PCR assays on the same soils. The two methods were in good agreement in artificially infested soils, but the bioassay appeared to be more sensitive with naturally infested soils.     

氨氮胁迫对四鼻须鲤鱼肝脏GST酶活力的影响

实验采用生态毒理学方法,以NH4Cl为实验药物,设置0、50、150和250mg/L实验浓度。通过对野生和养殖群体的四鼻须鲤鱼氨氮对肝脏谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）活力的影响,比较两个群体抗氨氮能力。结果表明：在相同的氨氮浓度和胁迫时间下,四鼻须鲤鱼养殖群体GST酶活力的变化趋势与野生群体大致相同。除250mg/L浓度组在胁迫5d和10d时,野生群体酶活性略低于养殖群体外,在其余时间点的野生群体酶活性均高于养殖群体,而且,在高浓度氨氮胁迫下,野生群体肝脏的GST酶活性达到峰值的时间比养殖群体更短,显示出较强的抗氨氮能力。     

Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations

This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined by the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. The software named 3P97 was used to calculate relevant PK parameters. The results demonstrated that the concentration–time profile of SDZ was best described by a one‐compartmental open model with first‐order absorption after a single oral dose. The main PK parameters of the absorption rate constant (K_α), the absorption half‐life (t_{1/2 Kα}), the elimination rate constant (K_e), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2Ke), and the area under concentration–time profile (AUC_0‐∞) were 0.3 1/h, 2.29 hr, 0.039 1/h, 17.64 hr, and 855.78 mg.h/L, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the concentration–time curve fitted to a two‐compartmental open model without absorption. The primary PK parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the elimination rate constant (β), the distribution half‐life (t_1/2α), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), the apparent distribution volume (V_SS), the total clearance (CL), and AUC_0‐∞ were 9.62 1/hr, 0.039 1/hr, 0.072 hr, 17.71 hr, 0.33 L/kg, 0.013 L h^?1 kg^?1, and 386.23 mg.h/L, respectively. Finally, the BA was calculated to be 22.16%. Overall, this study will provide some fundamental information on PK properties in the development of a new formulation SDZ in the future and is partially beneficial for the appropriate usage of SDZ in aquaculture.     

基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模拟

为建立基于智能体和元胞自动机(Agent-CA)的鱼道内鱼类行为模型,该研究以计算流体力学软件得到的水流流场数据为基础,根据过鱼试验研究认识到的鱼上溯行为特征和规律,定义了不同场景下鱼的避开障碍、寻找主流、逆流向前、逆流后退、冲刺、随机6种行为和行为规则,将鱼道划分成多个二维元胞空间,将元胞空间中元胞状态为"鱼"的网格看作是一个智能体(Agent)。在3种体型的竖缝式鱼道中应用该模型对草鱼幼鱼的上溯行为进行模拟,并将模拟结果与实际过鱼轨迹进行对比。结果表明:该研究构建的模型能够较好地描述实际过鱼的主要上溯轨迹,针对3种体型竖缝式鱼道的模拟特征轨迹范围相对误差分别为23.5%、7.7%和2.3%。本研究提出的基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模型具有较好的适用性,可为鱼类行为模拟研究提供重要基础数据。     

镜鲤体重的QTL定位

本研究利用217个微卫星标记和336个SNPs标记对德国镜鲤F2代68个个体基因组DNA进行基因型检测。其中507个标记共组成62个连锁群,覆盖基因组总长度为2805．85cM,标记问平均距离为6-31cM;利用软件MapQTL4．0采用区间作图法对体重性状进行QTL定位分析。研究结果共检测到14个与体重性状有关的QTLs,分布于9个连锁群。其中BIV-5-J有最大的LOD值,为4．46;BIV—I-1的LOD值最小,为2．25。单个QTL平均解释表型变异介于14．10％～45．50％之间,其中贡献率大于20％的主效QTLs有9个。通过BLASTX与斑马鱼蛋白质序列数据库进行序列比对,找到了与斑马鱼酰基辅酶A脱氢酶蛋白、胰淀粉酶仅2蛋白、Apoebprotein和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶蛋白同源的分子标记。本研究结果对分子标记辅助育种具有重要应用价值。     

草鱼羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)部分片段的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

羧肽酶A (EC 3.4.16)是一类水解蛋白和多肽底物C端芳香族氨基酸或脂肪族氨基酸残基的消化酶.在草鱼生长相关的功能基因上研究单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与生长的相关性可为草鱼的分子辅助育种提供依据.本研究根据草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)EST-SNP库的羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)重叠群的2个Contig扩增该基因的序列片段,采用直接测序法,经过序列比对,共筛到2个颠换SNP位点:C+412A和A36C,分别位于CPA 1基因外显子5的34bp和内含子3的36 bp处,前者为错义突变.然后用一个群体的296尾草鱼对这2个位点用SnaPshot的方法进行检测和分型,统计基因型频率:A36C位点的AA基因型占26.7％,AC基因型占52.0％,CC基因型占21.3％.C+412A位点的AA基因型占15.5％,AC基因型占40.5％,CC基因型占43.9％.利用一般线性模型分析2个SNP位点与草鱼体质量、体长等重要生长性状的关系.关联分析结果显示,C+36A位点不同基因型在体质量、眼间距均值上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).并且AA基因型和CC基因型在体质量、体长、体宽和眼间距上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).AA基因型各项指标均值显著高于CC基因型.C+412A位点在体质量等生长性状上差异不显著(P＞0.05),该位点和生长不相关,但是CC基因型和AC基因型在体重和肛前距上差异显著(P＜0.05),该位点CC基因型的6个生长性状均值都高于AA基因型.由两个位点组成的5种双倍型在体质量上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D5在体质量上存在差异显著(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D8在体质量、体宽、体长、体长/头长等生长性状上都存在显著差异(P＜0.05).D3的各项指标均值最高,D8的各项指标均值最低.本研究结果显示,可以考虑将草鱼CPA1基因作为候选基因,用于草鱼的分子辅助育种.     

患出血病鲫鱼主要组织可溶性蛋白质变化的研究

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)对正常和患出血病的鲫鱼心、肝、肾、鳃、脑、肌肉、肠、眼8种组织中可溶性蛋白质进行比较分析。结果表明：病鱼的心、肝、肾、鳃、脑、肌肉6种组织的蛋白质电泳谱带与正常鱼相比有较大变化，心和肾各缺失5条谱带；肝新诱导出1条谱带，另有1条谱带缺失；鳃中新诱导出2条谱带，有2条谱带缺失；脑中增加了4条新谱带，1条谱带缺失；肌肉新增5条谱带。说明鱼在遭受病原菌侵袭后，蛋白质的合成代谢受到较大影响。这些变化可作为辅助疾病诊断的生化指标。     

锦鲤保护性组织RNA提取及引物扩增研究

从养殖锦鲤各种组织中提取完整的RNA, 是分子生物学研究锦鲤应激表达、体色变异、生长发育等功能基因表达的关键实验。在不伤害养殖锦鲤个体健康的情况下, 取用鱼体的鳍条、鳞片、鳃丝、血液4种保护性组织,可以最大程度地减少对珍贵锦鲤个体的损伤, 并达到研究相关基因表达的目的。本研究利用TR izo l法提取RNA, 获得的各样品RNA条带完整、纯度高。结果表明, 4 种保护性组织提取的RNA 经过逆转录反应, 得到了高质量的CDNA。内标基因( B- actin)、热激蛋白基因( hsp70)、金属硫蛋白基因(MT)扩增得到清晰的条带, 通过NCB I数据上的BLAST比对证明, 各序列的同源性在95%以上。利用本研究的方法, 可以充分保护养殖锦鲤个体的完好性, 用于进一步的分子生物学研究。