Reproductive roles predict sexual dimorphism in internal and external morphology of lake whitefish,Coregonus clupeaformis

Abstract – The different reproductive roles of the sexes can predict the direction and magnitude of sexual dimorphism of external and internal morphology. Males should have enlarged structures that enhance the acquisition of mating opportunities, whereas females are predicted to have enlarged organs that are associated with the production of eggs. We tested these predictions in male and female lake whitefish, a species in which both sexes have similar overall body size and shape. After controlling for body size, male lake whitefish had significantly longer jaws and pectoral and pelvic fins, larger hearts, and more muscle than females. Sexual dimorphism in relative muscle mass may be one of the most fundamental morphological differences between males and females. Females had relatively heavier livers than males. Because the liver is important for the breakdown of fats and vitellogenesis, selection should favour an enlarged liver in females for the processing of energy and the production of large numbers of eggs.     

玉蜀黍赤霉有性重组体的诱导及其生物学特性

 本研究以硝酸盐营养缺陷型突变体(nit)和多菌灵抗性为遗传标记,在5个所选菌株中设计了3个玉蜀黍赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的杂交组合,使各菌株之间进行杂交,从而诱导有性重组体。从各杂交组合的后代中任意挑选出3个有性重组体,比较了这些有性重组体与其亲本在无性和有性阶段的主要生物学性状。结果表明,玉蜀黍赤霉中的nit基因及对杀菌剂多菌灵的抗药性基因可以通过有性杂交的方式重组,即发生了有性重组。有性重组体与其亲本在菌落生长、培养性状和致病性方面没有显著差异;但某些有性重组体中,产孢量和产子囊壳能力方面存在一定差异。总体看来,有性重组体仍然保持了较高的适合度。因此,可以认为有性重组在玉蜀黍赤霉群体对多菌灵抗药性发生发展以及群体遗传进化中可能起着重要的作用。     

环境因子对珍稀濒危植物裸果木种子萌发特性的影响

为研究濒危植物裸果木的有性繁殖,通过分析其结实率、种子大小、千粒质量及种子萌发对光照、温度、PEG胁迫的响应,探讨其种子萌发阶段的生态适应性。结果表明：裸果木的结实率为6.37%,种子长(2.03 ± 0.01) mm,宽(1.37 ± 0.01) mm,千粒质量为1.68 g;种子萌发阶段对光照和温度的要求不高,适宜温度下种子萌发迅速,平均萌发时间不到2 d;水分是限制裸果木种子萌发的一个主要因素,渗透压- 0.6 MPa是裸果木种子萌发的拐点,低于这个渗透势种子的萌发力显著降低;干旱胁迫下未萌发种子进入休眠状态,解除胁迫后迅速萌发。因此,裸果木种子在结实率低、种子小的条件下,形成了迅速有效地利用有限的水分以实现有性繁殖的繁殖机制。     

非人灵长类性打搅行为研究进展

性打搅行为是指非人灵长类社群内非交配个体对正在发生性行为个体的干扰行为,该行为在非人灵长类中普遍存在,通过综述目前已知的36种非灵长类的性打搅行为的报道,探讨性打搅行为的功能和意义。性打搅行为具有更高度的种间和种内差异,种间的性打搅的方式不同、同时受到社会结构和婚配制度的影响;在种内受到性别、年龄、等级等因素的影响。结合川金丝猴性打搅的研究结果,从性打搅的类型、被打搅的反应、性打搅的功能以及相关假说等方面入手,对非人灵长类性打搅行为进行系统总结,旨在为我国相关领域的研究提供参考,为生殖行为学研究者启发思路,推动本领域的发展。     

盖子红七彩神仙形态指标分析及其雌雄鉴别模型建立

测定和分析了138尾盖子红七彩神仙的形态学性状,并建立了雌雄个体的判别模型。对22项直观测量性状的主成分分析和21项标准化比例性状的R聚类分析,两者均显示盖子红七彩神仙的个体差异主要集中在体型大小、头部宽度、鱼鳍长度和宽度方面。对21项标准化比例性状进行T-检验,结果表明在雌雄间这些性状均差异不显著。以21项标准化比例性状为预选参数,通过逐步判别,建立了判别方程,对群体识别的正确率为80.2%。用32尾盖子红七彩神仙对这一判别方程进行识别验证,识别的正确率为84.4%。     

笼养熊猴等级结构及其对育婴影响的研究

通过记录繁殖笼养熊猴(Macaca assamensis)成员之间发生攻击和屈服行为的指向和次数,采用计算优势指数的方法,判断笼内各成员的等级排列,并通过论述成年猴间的亲疏行为来探讨对育婴的贡献。结果表明:笼养的熊猴个体之间存在明显的等级序位,个体所处的序列位置与它的体重成正相关,等级序位的高低是通过暴力手段来确立的;雌猴的序位高低不影响其性权利,雄猴常常采用暴力的方式进行强行交配,雌猴处于一种被动接受的状态;育婴主要由母亲猴完成,但雄性对幼体也有明显的照料行为,照料的多少与雌猴所处的序位无关而与雌猴受雄猴性偏爱程度有关;阿姨猴对育婴贡献甚微,仅是象征性的作用。     

Seasonality in Saint Croix male lamb reproductive development in northern Mexico

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the season of birth on the body weight, testicular size, testosterone concentrations, semen output and sexual behaviour in Saint Croix male lambs. Thirty‐three lambs were born in spring (n = 10), summer (Sum; n = 12) or autumn (n = 11). Body weight and the scrotal circumference were weekly recorded; semen was also weekly collected by electroejaculation; and sexual behaviour towards oestrous ewes was weekly evaluated. Data were recorded from 15 to 33 weeks of age. The reproductive development of Saint Croix male lambs differed according to the period in which they were born. More lambs born in spring than in summer and autumn achieved puberty during this study and were also more precocious in semen production and displayed sexual behaviour earlier. Lambs born in summer delayed their semen production; however, season‐related negative effects were less pronounced at the end of the study than in autumn born lambs born. In conclusion, despite the apparently low seasonality of the breed, Saint Croix male lambs showed in this study a seasonal pattern in their reproductive development at least until they achieve the puberty.     

益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗2型糖尿病合并男性性功能障碍的临床研究

目的 探讨益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）合并男性性功能障碍患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法 将T2DM合并男性性功能障碍患者146例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组73例。对照组患者予缬沙坦胶囊口服,观察组患者加服益肾活血汤,4周为1个疗程,连续治疗3个疗程。观察治疗前后两组患者国际勃起功能障碍指数（International index of erectile dysfunction-5,IIEF-5）、阴茎勃起时间、阴茎头、根部平均硬度及血清性激素[促卵泡生成素（Follicle stimulating hormone,FSH）、黄体生成素（Luteinizing hormone,LH）、雌二醇（estradiol,E₂）和睾酮（testosterone,T）]水平变化;评估两组患者治疗后性生活满意度和不良反应发生率;比较两组患者治疗后临床总有效率。结果 观察组患者临床总有效率84.93%明显高于对照组的50.68%（P<0.05）;两组患者治疗后IIEF-5、阴茎勃起时间、阴茎头、根部平均硬度及血清T水平均较治疗前明显升高（P<0.05）,血清FSH、LH及E₂水平均显著下降（P<0.05）,且观察组各项指标的改善明显优于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组患者性生活总满意度91.78%明显高于对照组的68.49%（P<0.05）;两组患者在治疗期间均未出现明显不良反应。结论 益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗T2DM合并男性性功能障碍临床疗效确切,能有效改善患者的阴茎状态和血清性激素水平,改善患者的性生活,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

Improved techniques for the induction and isolation of polyploids in the genus Fragaria

Summary The sensitivity of Fragaria seedlings to colchicine is dependent on the plant organ that is treated. Complete immersion of seedlings in a 1.5% colchicine solution results in total lethality, whereas the survival rates were more than 75% even at concentrations of 3.0% when only shoot apices were treated. High proportions of polyploids were isolated by treating shoot apices of seedlings with a 2.0% colchicine solution for 24–28 h. The dropper method is preferred to the tube method as it involves a minimum of manipulation and requires simple equipment. A differential response to colchicine was observed within and between different diploid species, diploid and tetraploid hybrids.     

Yield and tuber characteristics of 4x progeny from 2x×2x crosses

Summary Unrelated, unselected 2x haploid-species hybrids that produce 2n eggs, by second division restitution and 2n pollen due to first division restitution were intercrossed to generate 4x progeny. The 19, 4x families were compared with seven cultivars for tuber yield, tuber appearance and tuber set. The mean yield of the 4x families was 30% higher than the mean yield of the cultivars. The best five 4x families outyielded the best five cultivars by 57% and 69% at two locations. Cultivars were superior for tuber appearance and tuber set. The high yields of the 4x families are due to genetic diversity of the 2x parents and their ability to transmit that diversity to the 4x progeny utilizing 2n gametes. The potential of the 2x×2x breeding method is dependent on developing 2x hybrid clones that form 2n eggs and possess desirable tuber types; clones producing 2n pollen and good tuber quality are available.