Aromatic Substances Inhibiting Wheat Powdery Mildew Produced by a Fungus Detected with a New Screening Method for Phylloplane Fungi

Microorganisms isolated from wheat leaf surfaces were screened for inhibition of wheat powdery mildew. A new screening method, in which wheat leaves were inoculated with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and incubated with the cultured microorganisms under non-contact conditions, was developed in the present study. Using this method, 10 phylloplane fungi that inhibited wheat powdery mildew were selected from 408 microorganisms isolated from wheat leaf surfaces. Among these 10 strains, a fungus designated as Kyu-W63 had an especially strong inhibitory effect. Kyu-W63 produced white colonies without spores when cultivated on PDA. Kyu-W63 had a strong aromatic odor when being cultured. Wheat powdery mildew was suppressed even though a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm was placed between the mycelial colony and wheat leaf segment. However, when activated charcoal was introduced, Kyu-W63 did not inhibit growth of B. graminis. It was presumed that volatile substances were involved in the inhibitory effect of Kyu-W63. GC-MS analysis was used to identify two substances produced by Kyu-W63 with molecular weights of 164 and 166. Kyu-W63 also inhibited the in vitro growth of four plant pathogenic fungi other than B. graminis. Received 19 September 2001/ Accepted in revised form 7 February 2002     

细胞骨架解聚药物对小麦与叶锈菌互作诱发的细胞过敏性反应的影响

 小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种洛夫林10和叶锈菌小种366组成不亲和组合,小麦叶片发生过敏性坏死反应(HR)是小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染的重要因素。在接种前给小麦叶片分别预注射微管解聚药物磺草硝(oryzalin)和微丝解聚药物细胞松弛素D (cytochalasin D,CD),结果表明2种药物注射使得寄主因叶锈菌侵染诱导的细胞过敏性坏死数目明显减少,并且注射药物的浓度越大,寄主细胞发生HR的数量越少。说明肌动蛋白和微管蛋白的聚合状态是诱发小麦叶片发生HR防卫反应所必需的,细胞骨架在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染过程中可能起着重要作用。     

Predicting effective doses for the joint action of two fungicide applications

A function was derived to predict fungicide efficacy when more than one application of a single active ingredient is made to a crop, given parameters describing the dose–response curves of the component single-spray applications. In the function, a second application is considered to act on that proportion of the total pathogen population which was uncontrollable at the time of the first application (represented by the lower asymptote of the dose–response curve for the first treatment), plus any additional part of the population which survived the first application as a result of a finite dose being applied. Data to estimate the single-spray dose–response curve parameters and validate predictions of two-spray programme efficacy were obtained from separate subsets of treatments in four field experiments. A systemic fungicide spray was applied to wheat at a range of doses, at one or both of two times (t₁ and t₂), in all dose combinations. Observed values of the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for septoria leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) were used to construct response surfaces of dose at t₁ by dose at t₂ for each culm leaf layer. Parameters were estimated from single-spray and zero-dose treatment data only. The model predicted a high proportion (R² = 71–95%) of the variation in efficacy of the two-spray programmes. AUDPC isobols showed that the dose required at t₂ was inversely related to the dose at t₁, but the slope of the relationship varied with the relative timings of t₁ and t₂ in relation to culm leaf emergence. Isobols were curved, so the effective dose – the total dose required to achieve a given level of disease suppression – was lower when administered as two applications.     

非自然越夏区小麦白粉病模拟鉴定病圃

作者于1990～1995年根据陕西省关中麦区小麦白粉病侵染循环特点,人工模拟自然发病条件,在非自然越夏区杨陵(省农科院试验地)成功地建立起白粉病菌可周年存活,且秋、春季均能充分诱发感染的混合菌系病圃,宜对小麦种质材料进行全生育期抗白粉病鉴定。利用该病圃已对陕西省1000余份小麦品种(系)及部分国内外抗源亲本材料做了抗病性鉴定和利用评价。     

Sources of resistance to septoria tritici blotch and implications for wheat breeding

Twenty-four wheat cultivars and breeding lines were screened for isolate-specific resistance to septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by 12 isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola. New isolate-specific resistances that could be used in wheat breeding were identified. Major sources of resistance to STB used in world breeding programmes for decades, such as Kavkaz-K4500, Veranopolis, Catbird and TE9111, have several isolate-specific resistances. This suggests that 'pyramiding' several resistance genes in one cultivar may be an effective and durable strategy for breeding for resistance to STB in wheat. Several cultivars, including Arina, Milan and Senat, had high levels of partial resistance to most isolates tested as well as isolate-specific resistances. Resistance to isolate IPO323 was common, present in all but one of the major sources of resistance tested. This suggests that resistance to IPO323 may be an indicator of varietal resistance to STB in the field.     

甘肃、青海地区小麦条锈菌监测及群体遗传多样性分析

【目的】了解甘肃和青海小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)春季流行传播路线、群体遗传多样性和生殖模式,明确春季流行期两省小麦条锈菌的传播关系及菌源交流规律,进而为两省小麦条锈病的预测预报、确定越夏初始菌源来源和有效治理提供理论依据。【方法】选择条锈病常发生的地区作为调查和研究区域。甘肃省4个试验点:陇南市文县、陇东平凉市崆峒区、中部麦区定西市临洮县、临夏州临夏县;青海省2个试验点:西宁市城北区、海东市互助县。2017年秋季,在甘肃和青海省6个试验点内根据当地小麦播种适期依次种植82份变异观察圃材料。2018年4—8月,对试验点82份变异观察圃材料进行田间病害调查,并采集到551份小麦条锈菌标样,使用15对引物进行SSR分子标记分析。利用GenAlEx和POPPR v2.5.0软件对数据进行相关分析,不显著的rbarD值表示连锁平衡,用于推断群体是否发生有性重组。【结果】82份变异观察圃材料在甘肃地区发病比青海地区严重。15对引物组合共扩增出81个位点,每对引物组合产生的多态性位点为2—12个。551份样本克隆矫正后,共鉴定出505个多位点...     

雪莲果紫斑病菌生物学特性初步研究

设定不同培养基、pH值、不同温度和光照条件对雪莲果紫斑病病原菌进行生物学特性的初步研究。结果表明,雪莲果紫斑病菌的最适培养基为PDA,菌丝最适生长温度为24℃,最佳pH值为7～8,光照对菌丝生长影响不大。     

中国花生网斑病研究

花生网斑病是我国花生上新发生的一种叶部病害，近年来蔓延迅速，为害严重，经１９８３－１９９２年历时１０年的系统研究，摸清了该病症状、发生和为害规律、分布特点；明确该病的发生与主要发病因子的关联性；于国内首次明确了该病原菌的分类地位；摸清了病害发生程度与花生荚果产量损失率之间的函数关系，找出了受害较敏感的花生物候期，建立了防治经济阈值模型；筛选出目前最好的杀菌剂、生物制剂和物理保护剂以及较抗病的花生品     

小麦条锈菌3个看家基因SNP引物的首次报道

In order to analyze the population structure of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), SNPs primers of Pst were developed from DNA sequences of nine house-keeping genes Chs, Act, Mapk1, Tub, Cdc2, Rd, Sm, Ls and Ef-1α obtained from GenBank. Eight of which were from Pst and one from P. graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). Thirteen pairs of primers were designed and screened based on at least 30 isolates of Pst obtained from diverse locations. Three of them were polymorphic namely Map1351S/Map1683A, Cd28S/Cd352A and Ef137S/Ef531A. Polymorphic loci analysis based on 149 Pst isolates from 5 provinces indicated that the three primers had good polymorphism. Cd28S/Cd352A had 8 polymorphic loci, three of them were phylogenetically informative. Ef137S/Ef531A had 6 polymorphic loci and 4 of them were informative. Map1351S/Map1683A had 8 polymorphic loci and 4 were informative. The 3 primers were used for analyzing Pst population and revealed the ancestral origin, phylogeny relation of haplotypes, genetic differentiation of the population, gene flow, and the evolution and migration relation between Pst populations thereby. The findings indicate that the 3 genes SNP primers can be used for Pst population genetic structure analysis.     

海南甜瓜细菌性果斑病田间药效试验

进行了5种药剂防治甜瓜细菌性果斑病田间药效试验。试验结果表明,第二次施药后7 d,5种药剂处理中以20%二氯异氰尿酸钠可湿性粉剂750倍液的防效最好,为65.47%,其次为53.8%可杀得(氢氧化铜)2000干悬浮剂800倍液,防效为56.45%;25%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂750倍液、72%农用链霉素可溶性粉剂3 000倍液和12%松脂酸铜乳油800倍液3个处理的防效分别为51.60%,50.86%和50.20%。上述药剂在生产上可轮换使用,5 d 1次,连续2~3次。