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Understanding the benefits provided by urban trees is important to justify investment and improve stewardship. Many studies have attempted to quantify the benefits of trees in monetary terms, though fewer have quantified the associated costs of planting and maintaining them. This systematic review examines the methods used to jointly analyse the costs and benefits of trees in the urban landscape, assesses the relative balance of benefits and costs, and attempts to understand the wide variation in economic values assigned in different studies. The benefits most frequently studied are those related to environmental regulation and property values, and the available data show that these usually outweigh the costs. Aesthetic, amenity, and shading benefits have also been shown to provide significant economic benefits, while benefits in terms of water regulation, carbon reduction and air quality are usually more modest. Variation in benefits and costs among studies is attributed largely to differences in the species composition and age structure of urban tree populations, though methodological differences also play a role. Comparison between studies is made difficult owing to differences in spatiotemporal scope, and in the way urban forest composition and demographic structure were reported. The overwhelming majority of studies concern deciduous trees in Northern America, and much less is known about urban forests in other regions, especially in the tropics. Future work should thus seek to fill these knowledge gaps, and standardise research protocols across cities. In light of ambitious goals in many cities to increase tree cover, ongoing advances in valuation methods need to provide a more comprehensive accounting of benefits and costs, and to better integrate economic assessment into the decision-making process. 相似文献
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为了解新疆马疱疹病毒1型(EHV-1)主要毒力基因遗传进化情况并构建TK基因缺失株,本研究以EHV-1 XJ2015株DNA为模板,对其主要毒力基因TK、gI和gE全长进行克隆、测序及生物信息学分析,并扩增TK基因左右重组臂TKL和TKR,构建质粒pUC-TKLR,将扩增后的增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP,含有CMV+polyA)插入pUC-TKLR质粒,构建TK基因缺失打靶质粒。TK、gI和gE基因同源性分析结果显示,XJ2015株与国外EHV-1分离株TK、gI和gE基因同源性均较高,分别为99.8%~100.0%、99.6%~100.0%和99.9%~100.0%;与EHV-3分离株同源性均最低,分别为72.9%、59.4%和62.1%;遗传进化分析显示,3个基因均与国外EHV-1同属于一个遗传进化分支,与EHV-9和EHV-4进化关系较近,但与EHV-3进化关系较远,表明XJ2015毒株与国外EHV-1毒株TK、gI、gE基因核苷酸上差异不明显,没有明显的地域性特征,功能基因保守且进化缓慢,同源基因功能相同或相近;经PCR扩增、酶切、测序及转染鉴定,本试验成功构建了用于TK基因缺失的打靶质粒pUC-TKLR-EGFP。通过对EHV-1主要毒力基因的分析及TK基因缺失打靶载体的构建,为新疆地区马鼻肺炎流行病学调查分析、TK基因缺失株的构建提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland 下载免费PDF全文
The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km2 grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km2 grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits. 相似文献
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The contributions presented at the EIFAC Symposium on Fisheries and Society in 2000 are reviewed. There have been considerable advances in many sectors of inland fisheries over the past decade. Nowadays the value of inland fisheries to society is generally better understood and increasingly recognized. However, it was recognized that the allocation of fishery resources and their management could still be made more effective through more extensive application of the recent approaches and techniques discussed during the Symposium and reviewed in the paper. 相似文献
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南方山区草地资源的类型及开发利用途径 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
根据生态学的基本原理,对我国南方山区草地资源的特点进行了分析,从生态学类型上对该地区草地进行了划分,进而提出了南方山区草地开发利用的途径。 相似文献
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