INSECTO防治储粮害虫研究

在实验室条件下，用不同剂量的INSECTO拌入小麦和大米后，以玉米象、赤拟谷盗和谷蠹作为受试害虫，研究了INSECTO对上述害虫的防治效果．在此基础上，又分别进行了围囤散装试验和包装粮垛麻袋表面喷洒防虫试验，结果表明，INSEC－TO对3种受试害虫均有较好的防治效果，以0．1％剂量拌和粮食其效果与10ppm杀螟松基本相同，但化学性质比杀螟松稳定且无化学药剂的毒性残留，对人畜更为安全。     

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT,ANTIVIRAL STUDIES,FIELD EVALUATION AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIVIRAL PLANT PROTECTANT NK0238

• Developed a two-step synthetic route to anti-plant-virus candidate NK0238. • NK0238 exhibited a broad antivirus spectrum in greenhouse. • NK0238 showed comparable antivirus activities as controls in field trials. • NK0238 was safe to birds, fish, bees and silkworms. • NK0238 has a very good prospect in commercial development. It has previously been shown that tryptophan, the biosynthesis precursor of Peganum harmala alkaloids, and its derivatives have anti-TMV activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of this led to the identification of NK0238 as a highly effective agent for the prevention and control of diseases caused by plant viruses, but the existing routes are unsuitable for its large-scale synthesis. This study optimized a route for two-step synthesis of this virucide candidate via reaction of l-tryptophan with triphosgene to produce l-tryptophan-N-carboxylic anhydride, which then reacts with n-octylamine to give NK0238 at up to 94% yield and nearly 97% HPLC purity. In addition, the route was used for the preparation of NK0238 on a>40 g scale permitting further assessment of its antivirus activity in the greenhouse and field experiments, and toxicity tests. NK0238 exhibited useful antiviral activities against a variety of viruses both in greenhouse and field experiments. The toxicity tests showed that NK0238 was not acutely toxic to birds, fish, honey bees and silkworms. The optimized route provides a solid foundation for its large-scale synthesis and subsequent efficacy and toxicity studies, its excellent activity and safety make NK0238 a promising drug candidate for further development.     

新型储粮保护剂硅藻土对2种重要储粮害虫的防治效果初报

为了探索硅藻土防治储粮害虫的经济有效剂量、防治方法和条件等,本方设计了不同温度和湿度组合,不同的硅藻土剂量分别对生活在小麦和稻谷中的谷蠹和长角扁谷盗的毒力试验,结果表明:在相同的条件下(1)硅藻土对小麦的防护优于对稻谷的防护。(2)在25℃时对谷蠹的防效高于30℃的防效,对长角扁谷盗则相反。(3)硅藻土的防治效果随着相对湿度的降低而提高。(4)长角扁谷盗对硅藻土的敏感度是谷蠹的5￣6倍。在应用时从经济、有效的原则考虑,建议防治以谷蠹为主要害虫的储粮时以400mg/kg的剂量,防治长角扁谷盗时则以70mg/kg即可。     

储粮害虫防护剂应用展望

介绍了储粮害虫防护剂的应用情况和发展趋势,指出高效低毒的防护剂有很好的前景。     

Glycosylated Porphyra-334 and Palythine-Threonine from the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble UV-absorbing pigments, and structurally different MAAs have been identified in eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria. In this study novel glycosylated MAAs were found in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune (N. commune). An MAA with an absorption maximum at 334 nm was identified as a hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative with a molecular mass of 508 Da. Another MAA with an absorption maximum at 322 nm was identified as a two hexose-bound palythine-threonine derivative with a molecular mass of 612 Da. These purified MAAs have radical scavenging activities in vitro, which suggests multifunctional roles as sunscreens and antioxidants. The 612-Da MAA accounted for approximately 60% of the total MAAs and contributed approximately 20% of the total radical scavenging activities in a water extract, indicating that it is the major water-soluble UV-protectant and radical scavenger component. The hexose-bound porphyra-334 derivative and the glycosylated palythine-threonine derivatives were found in a specific genotype of N. commune, suggesting that glycosylated MAA patterns could be a chemotaxonomic marker for the characterization of the morphologically indistinguishable N. commune. The glycosylation of porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine in N. commune suggests a unique adaptation for terrestrial environments that are drastically fluctuating in comparison to stable aquatic environments.     

蛇床子素粉剂对储粮害虫的防治效果

研究了1.6%蛇床子素粉剂对谷蠹、米象、赤拟谷盗、嗜卷书虱等4种储粮害虫的室内防治效果。在按制剂量计算分别为25 mg/kg、50 mg/kg和75 mg/kg剂量下,1.6%蛇床子素粉剂对供试的4种储粮害虫均有显著的防治效果;其中对米象、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱等3种试虫的作用迅速,施药7d后校正死亡率或虫口抑制率均达到了100%;而低浓度下对谷蠹的作用较为缓慢,25 mg/kg下14 d后校正死亡率才达到95%以上。     

直投式木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌发酵剂的保护剂筛选研究

利用冷冻干燥技术制备一种直投式木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌的复合保护剂,先采用单因素试验优选出10%脱脂奶粉、5%海藻糖、1%谷氨酸可作为木葡糖醋酸杆菌发酵剂的单一保护剂,然后采用响应面分析法优化了直投式木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌复合保护剂中脱脂奶粉、海藻糖、谷氨酸的浓度和配比。结果表明,当复合冻干保护剂中含脱脂乳6.4%、海藻糖0.075%、谷氨酸0.575%时,木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌冻干后细胞的存活率最高、达93.346%。对比试验表明,添加复合冻干保护剂的发酵剂与同浓度的活菌液体发酵剂的细菌纤维素产率差异不显著。     

新型高效谷物保护剂“储粮安”的应用研究

选取溴氰菊酯和马拉硫磷原药为微胶囊芯料,在高速搅拌下通过界面聚合法形成微胶囊,加入稳定剂、增稠剂及载体后制成2.5%谷物保护剂储粮安,经试验散装粮应用8mg/kg、10 mg/kg和12 mg/kg及包装粮10 mg/kg、12 mg/kg,对主要储粮害虫药效维持在一年以上,达到基本无虫标准.     

直投式木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌发酵剂的保护剂筛选研究

利用冷冻干燥技术制备一种直投式木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌的复合保护剂,先采用单因素试验优选出10％脱脂奶粉、5％海藻糖、1％谷氨酸可作为木葡糖醋酸杆菌发酵剂的单一保护剂,然后采用响应面分析法优化了直投式木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌复合保护剂中脱脂奶粉、海藻糖、谷氨酸的浓度和配比.结果表明,当复合冻干保护剂中含脱脂乳6.4％、海藻糖0.075％、谷氨酸0.575％时,木葡萄糖醋酸杆菌冻干后细胞的存活率最高、达93.346％.对比试验表明,添加复合冻干保护剂的发酵剂与同浓度的活菌液体发酵剂的细菌纤维素产率差异不显著.     

粮温对储粮防护剂药效和残留影响的研究

研究分析了广东地区粮温对储粮防护剂药效和残留的影响。试验结果表明粮温高是导致防护剂药效降低，防护期缩短的重要因素。机械通风使粮温降到一定程度，可以延长防护剂的药效。