原花青素对肥胖小鼠脂肪沉积的抑制

探讨葡萄籽提取物原花青素对肥胖小鼠脂肪沉积的影响.用高脂日粮饲喂小鼠建立肥胖模型,然后分别用低剂量[50 mg/(kg·d)]、中剂量[100 mg/(kg·d)]和高剂量[200mg/(kg·d)]的葡萄籽提取物原花青素灌胃处理15 d,记录体质量变化,检测血清中TG、T-CHO、LDL-C和HDL-C浓度,检测葡萄糖耐受性和胰岛素耐受性,同时利用Real-ime PCR分析PPARy、C/EBPα、HSL和FAS mRNA的表达水平.结果表明,葡萄籽提取物原花青素可降低肥胖小鼠体质量,并呈现一定的剂量依赖性.各处理组血清中总T-CHO、TG和LDL-C浓度均显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)降低,而HDL-C浓度显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)升高.同时,各处理组注射葡萄糖有改善肥胖小鼠高血糖的趋势.注射胰岛素后,原花青素可改善肥胖小鼠对胰岛素的抵抗状况.各处理组附睾脂肪组织中C/EBPa、FAS和PPARyγ基因mRNA的表达水平均显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)低于对照组,而HSL mRNA表达水平则呈现显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)升高.由此可知,葡萄籽提取物原花青素可抑制肥胖小鼠脂肪沉积,降低血脂,同时通过影响脂代谢相关基因的表达和葡萄糖、胰岛素耐受性共同调节小鼠脂肪代谢.     

响应面法优化海南可可豆中原花青素的提取工艺

本研究采用响应面分析法确定海南可可豆中原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件,对提取得率的影响因素进行单因素分析后,探讨料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间和温度间的显著性影响和交互作用。结果表明：可可原花青素的最优提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度67%、料液比1∶20（g/mL）、提取时间88 min、提取温度76 ℃。此工艺条件下,可可原花青素提取得率为6.21%。此结果为海南可可豆的开发利用提供基础理论依据。     

Effect of Vaccinium vitis procyanidin on regulation of glioma cell growth

AIM: To explore the effect of Vaccinium vitis procyanidin on the growth of glioma cells. METHODS: Glioma C6 cells were cultured and divided into control and 10, 20 and 40 μg/L Vaccinium vitis procyanidin groups. The influence of Vaccinium vitis procyanidin on the growth of C6 cells was measured by MTT assay and the observation under inverted microscope. The apoptotic rate was detected by Annexin V/PI staining. The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was determined by immunocytochemistry. The protein levels of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 were also examined by Western blotting. RESULTS: The growth of C6 glioma cells was inhibited by Vaccinium vitis procyanidin at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 μg/L. The growth was significantly inhibited in 40 μg/L Vaccinium vitis procyanidin group at 24 h and 48 h, and in 20 and 40 μg/L Vaccinium vitis procyanidin groups at 72 h (P<0.01). The density of the cells was decreased when the concentration of Vaccinium vitis procyanidin increased. The apoptotic rate was increased when the concentration of Vaccinium vitis procyanidin increased either. The expression of Bcl-2 was decreased and Bax was increased after 10, 20 and 40 μg/L Vaccinium vitis procyanidin treatments. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased when the dose of Vaccinium vitis procyanidin increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression of Bcl-2 was decreased (P<0.01), and Bax and caspase-3 were increased after 10, 20 and 40 μg/L Vaccinium vitis procyanidin treatments. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased when the dose of Vaccinium vitis procyanidin increased (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Vaccinium vitis procyanidin inhibits the growth of glioma cells by down-regulating Bcl-2 protein and up-regulating Bax protein to activate caspase-3, thus inducing apoptosis.     

落叶松松塔多酚成分和抗氧化能力与海拔的相关性研究

通过测定不同海拔条件下落叶松松塔中的多酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力,探讨了二者与海拔变化的相关性。结果表明:高海拔下落叶松松塔的多酚含量、原花青素含量、总还原能力以及DPPH自由基清除能力均高于低海拔条件下。相关性分析表明:原花青素含量与多酚、总还原能力之间存在着显著的相关性,决定系数R2分别为0.949和0.899。      

黔东南产仙鹤草的原花青素含量和抗氧化能力测定

本文以黔东南产仙鹤草为材料,测定其原花青素含量和抗氧化能力,为黔东南产仙鹤草开发利用提供依据。采用微波辅助提取原花青素,通过紫外分光光度计,采用铁盐催化法测定原花青素的含量,用DPPH自由基法测定仙鹤草原花青素的抗氧化能力。实验结果表明,黔东南产仙鹤草原花青素的含量较高,为236.60 mg/g,对DPPH自由基的清除率30μg/m L时高达92.85%。黔东南州产仙鹤草原花青素含量和抗氧化能力都较高,开发价值大。     

In vitro intestinal transport of oligomeric procyanidins (DP 2 to 4) across monolayers of Caco-2 cells

Extracts from hawthorn leafs and flowers (Crataegus sp., Rosaceae) are widely used as a rational based phytomedicine for declining cardiac performance. According to present literature C-glycosylated flavones and oligomeric procyanidins are considered to be the active ingredients, despite the fact that no systematic data are available on systemic bioavailability of proanthocyanidins after oral intake. The present study aims to review the actual state of literature in this field and to investigate the intestinal absorption mechanisms of defined hawthorn PAs with different degrees of polymerization by validated in vitro Caco-2 monolayer permeation system. Hawthorn OPCs with DP 2 to 6 were isolated as defined clusters. Procyanidin B2 and the procyanidin clusters DP 4, 5 and 6 had very low P(app) values between 0.6 and 6×10(-7)cm/s for apical to basolateral permeation. The higher the molecular weight the lower permeation coefficients were calculated. The observed low-level transport was mainly due to passive paracellular permeation. Additionally cellular uptake of OPCs by transcellular permeation was possible; on the other side procyanidins were shown to be p-glycoprotein substrates, which leads to subsequent excretion of PAs by the efflux pump to the apical side. Mixtures of the different OPCs did not have an increased permeation. Transport experiments of complex OPC mixtures together with hawthorn flavonoids did not indicate any improved permeation or synergistic effects. In principle this raises the question if systemic pharmacological activities of hawthorn extracts, can really be attributed to OPCs with very low systemic bioavailability.     

Effects of grape seed procyanidin on vascular remodeling in renovascular hypertensive rats

AIM: To study the effect of grape seed procyanidin (GSP) on vascular remodeling in renovascular hypertensive (RH) rats. METHODS: The RH rat model was established by two-kidney one-clip method. Two weeks after operation, 28 rats were selected according to the increased tail systolic pressure above 130 mmHg and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=7): RH model group, low GSP treatment group (50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),high GSP treatment group (200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) and captopril treatment group (30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1). Meanwhile, 7 rats with sham operation served as controls. Tail systolic pressure, medial thickness (MT), luminal diameter (LD), and the ratio of MT to LD in thoracic aortic wall were determined 6 weeks after treatment. Masson staining and ELISA were used to detect the content of collagen and angiotensin II (Ang II) in aortic tissues. The protein expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in abdominal aortic tissues was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the tail systolic pressure, MT, MT/LD, the content of collagen and the protein expression of TNF-α in aorta were significantly increased in RH model group, but LD decreased. Treatment with GSP and captopril reduced the raised parameters, and increased the LD in RH model rats. These effects were more notable in high GSP treatment group, and equal to captopril treatment group. CONCLUSION: GSP treatment significantly decreases tail systolic pressure in RH rats, and effectively attenuates arterial vascular remodeling by decreasing the content of AngII and reducing the protein expression of TNF-α in aorta.     

超微粉碎处理对葡萄籽中原花青素和脂肪酸成分的影响

旨在通过超微粉碎处理对葡萄籽主要营养成分的影响研究,确定该技术在葡萄皮渣精深加工中的适用性。试验以酿酒后皮渣中分离获得的葡萄籽为材料,采用超微粉碎技术对葡萄籽进行超微粉碎处理,重点研究超微粉碎工艺对葡萄籽粒径、原花青素的含量、脂肪酸成分的影响。结果表明,与普通粉碎葡萄籽粉对比,经超微粉碎处理后葡萄籽粉中的原花青素含量达到8.74mg/g以上,其增加了28.5%,而超微粉碎处理对葡萄籽粉中不饱和脂肪酸的影响较小,保留率较高。实验证明,不同超微粉碎时间（5~25 min）处理对超微葡萄籽粉中的原花青素和脂肪酸含量无显著影响。结果证明超微粉碎处理有利于葡萄籽中原花青素的释放和不饱和脂肪酸的保留,适宜在葡萄皮渣精深加工中推广应用。     

Influence of procyanidin supplementation on the immune responses of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide

In the present study, the effect of dietary procyanidin (PCA, from pine needles) supplementation on the innate immunity of broilers were investigated. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (eight cages / treatment; six birds (one‐day‐old) / cage) with dietary PCA concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%) and two immune treatments (injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.5 mg/kg body weight) or saline). LPS was dissolved in sterile 9 g/L (w/v) NaCl solution at 16, 18, 20 days of age to mimic immune stress. The remaining birds were injected with saline as a placebo. The results indicated that, prior to LPS challenge, the PCA diet had no significant effect on bird growth performance. The injection of LPS was also not associated with any significant changes in poultry performance. LPS injection increased the activity of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6 and IL‐10) in serum; dietary PCA decreased these concentrations (P < 0.05) in the PCA 0.1% group, further illustrating the immune effect of PCA. In conclusion, PCA supplementation has a beneficial effect on LPS challenge, which may be associated with the inhibition of the secretion of cytokines and decrease in the proinflammatory marker NOx.