木质纤维素的降解和五种酶的活性对香菇子实体形成的影响

本文从生化角度研究了F型(形成子实体)和N型(不形成子实体)两类香菇菌株在生长发育过程中生化代谢活动上的差异。结果表明,在香菇的整个生长过程中,F型菌株的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、漆酶、酸性蛋白酶和果胶酶的活性均高于N型菌株,尤其在形成子实体的第二和第三阶段,纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和酸性蛋白酶的活性均呈较大幅度的增加,这种趋势与胞外可溶性蛋白含量的增幅是一致的,同时F型菌株对培养基中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解能力也高于N型菌株,说明在形成子实体的过程中,F型菌株具有比N型菌株相对更强的生化代谢能力;各种与物质降解有关酶的代谢活动在某些环节上受阻或不能有效地表达是N型菌株不能形成子实体的一个重要生理原因。     

晚实核桃优良新品种‘冀丰’

 ‘冀丰’为晚实核桃新品种, 光滑, 仁饱满, 单果质量11. 19 g, 种壳厚1. 14 cm, 出仁率58. 5 %, 粗脂肪含量68. 53%; 丰产优质, 抗逆性强, 适宜华北核桃产区及与之土壤气候条件相近地区栽培。     

处理主干和主枝对光皮树幼树早花早实的促进效果

对3年生光皮树幼树,采用环割倒贴皮、铁丝绞缢、绳索绞缢、环刻4种人工造伤方法分别对其主干和主枝进行处理.结果表明:4种处理方法对树干直径和冠幅生长的影响差异不显著;铁丝绞缢主枝法处理,其树高及开花株数和开花数量都与其他处理存在显著差异;铁丝绞缢主枝与铁丝绞缢主干法促进开花的效果差异不显著.     

几种修剪树型对'珍珠'番石榴开花坐果及产量的影响

选用4年生'珍珠'番石榴为试脸材料,采用开心形、圆头形、平头形树型结构,以果树生产中采用的自然圆形树型结构为对照,研究4种树型修剪方法对'珍珠'番石榴新梢数、花蕾数、开花结果数及果实产量的影响.试验结果表明,'珍珠'番石榴树型圆头形、开心形促进开花坐果较好,圆头形有利于提高产量.     

施肥对幼龄腰果植株生长和结果的影响

采用L9(34)正交设计,探讨氮、磷、钾肥配施对幼龄腰果植株生长和结果的影响.试验结果表明,对于2龄腰果植株,最佳施肥组合为N1P1K1,年施氮(N)150 g/株、磷(P2O5) 50 g/株和钾(K2O) 50 g/株处理,可以促进植株生长;对于3龄腰果植株,年施氮250～450 g/株处理,植株的冠幅、株高增量随着氮施用量增加而增大,磷、钾影响不显著;现蕾期和初花期,P2O5 90 g/株和K2O 200 g/株处理的植株现蕾、开花枝梢比例最高,施氮影响不显著;盛花坐果期,施N 350 g/株、P2O5 150 g/株和K2O 150 g/株处理的植株现蕾开花枝梢比例最高.氮和钾对3龄植株结果影响较大,年施N 250～450 g/株处理,平均株产量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,最佳施肥组合为N3P1K2,施N 450 g/株、P2O5 90 g/株和K2O 150 g/株处理,可以促进3龄腰果植株结果.3龄植株腰果产量与初花期叶片钾(K)含量(0.43%～0.47%)和盛花坐果期叶片N含量(1.89%～2.20%)呈直线显著正相关.     

Alleviation of alternate bearing phenomenon in mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees using boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

This investigation was conducted during two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016) using 15?years old productive mango (Mangifera indica) trees cv. Zebda. The trees were grown at AlMalak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate- Egypt (30–51° North; 32–53° East). Trees were planted 8?×?8 meter within and between rows in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. The objective of this study is to alleviate alternate bearing in cv. Zebda using mineral nutrients (nitrogen in the on year and boron in the off year). Treatments included three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g/tree/year) and three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1). Nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate and boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid. The extra amount of nitrogen fertilizer (250 and 500?g N/tree) was applied at three installments in (May, June and July). Treatment was arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that the on-year nitrogen fertilization significantly increased mango tree vegetative growth (number of shoot/branch, shoot length, shoot thickness, number of leaves/meter and leaf area) and yield. The average yield in the on year is 85.5?kg/tree at 1250?g N/tree but 67.4?Kilogram/tree at 1000?g N/tree (the control treatment). While in the off year boron foliar application resulted in a significant increase in flowering, initial fruit set, final fruit set and fruit yield. The average yield in the off year is 47?kg/tree at 250?mg L^?1 boron but 9?kg/tree at 0.0?mg L^?1 boron rate (the control treatment).The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron + 1500?g nitrogen/tree is the best treatment as it resulted in the highest values for all the tested parameters. The average yield of this treatment is 53.5?kg/tree. This treatment helps alleviate alternate bearing phenomenon by 41% and obtain the highest economic yield in the off-year, i.e. increased yield by 5.9 fold.     

花期低温寡照对番茄开花坐果特性及果实品质的影响

以"金粉5号"番茄为试材,在人工气候箱内设置4个低温寡照处理,即14/4℃(日最高/最低温度)′400μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)(光合有效辐射PAR),14/4℃′200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),12/2℃′400μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),12/2℃′200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),每个处理持续时间均分别为2、4、6、8、10d,以适宜生长条件25/18℃′800μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)为对照(CK),观察番茄开花、坐果特性,并测定果实产量及品质等指标。结果表明:(1)低温寡照胁迫使番茄现蕾和开花速度明显减慢,且胁迫程度越强增长速度越慢,12/2℃′200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)处理不同天数后单株花蕾增长数均为0,开花数也最少,处理6d后才有新开花朵,为每株0.33朵。(2)番茄坐果数随处理时间呈"S"型变化,低温寡照处理4d以上番茄植株的坐果期明显延迟,其中12/2℃′400μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)处理10d的坐果时间最晚,较CK延迟了10.5d。(3)低温寡照胁迫下,番茄畸形果发生率随胁迫程度的加深而增加,单株产量与处理天数呈负相关关系,其中不同低温寡照处理2d对番茄产量无明显影响,而处理8d以上的番茄减产率则达到70%以上。(4)同一温度相同处理天数下,果实的维生素C、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比随PAR的减弱而减小,而在相同PAR和相同处理天数下,维生素C、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比随处理温度的降低而降低;有机酸含量则呈相反趋势。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

PLA膜包装对白玉菇子实体保鲜效果的研究

为了研究PLA膜包装对白玉菇子实体的保鲜效果,以未包装和PE膜包装为对照,考察了在20~25℃,相对湿度90%条件下贮藏5天,PLA膜包装对白玉菇子实体感官评分和各项生理指标的影响。结果表明：贮藏5天时间内,相对于未包装和PE膜包装,PLA膜包装能使白玉菇子实体感官品质好、硬度高、水分失重低、褐变小、CAT酶下降小、PPO酶上升少、微生物总菌量滋生少。PLA膜包装有利于抑制包装后白玉菇子实体的呼吸,减少总糖、氨基酸含量的降低,维持了白玉菇的感官质量与品质,使其具有更好的保鲜效果,货架期延长,产品商业价值更高。     

南京地区3个兔眼蓝莓品种引种试验

对2014年种植于南京市白马地区的3个兔眼蓝莓品种‘巴尔德温’（Baldwin）、‘蓝美人’（Bluebelle）和‘布莱特蓝’（Briteblue）进行连续2年生长及开花结实性状的调查研究。结果表明,3个兔眼蓝莓品种能较好适应南京地区的气候环境,植株生长、结果性状均表现正常,其中品种‘巴尔德温’是兔眼蓝莓品种中较晚熟的品种,其树势和耐旱性较强,适宜在降水量较少的干旱丘陵地区种植;品种‘蓝美人’对土壤的要求较严格,果实采收时果皮易撕裂,不适宜贮存和运输,该品种适宜于庭院精细栽培;品种‘布莱特蓝’成熟期较晚,产量和总花色苷含量较高,香味浓郁且耐贮运,可作为加工兼鲜果销售品种推广。