Heavy Metal Immobilization in Contaminated Soils using Phosphogypsum and Rice Straw Compost

The application of soil amendments to immobilize heavy metals is a promising technology to meet the requirements for environmentally sound and cost‐effective remediation. The present study was carried out to evaluate the result of phosphogypsum (PG) used alone and in combination with compost (CP) at a mix ratio of 1:1 wet weight ratio (PG + CP) at 10 and 20 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil, on heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soil and on canola growth. The results revealed that the Pb, Cd and Zn uptake of canola plants was reduced by the application of PG alone and when it was mixed with CP as compared with untreated soil. At an application rate of 10 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil of (PG + CP) the dry weight of canola plants increased by 66·8% was increased in comparison with its weight in the untreated soil. The addition of PG alone resulted in more pronounced immobilization of heavy metal as compared with PG mixed with CP. Plant growth was improved with CP addition, but heavy metals immobilization was the greatest in PG alone treatments. Results suggest that PG may be useful for the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

猪粪与磷石膏配合施用对菱镁矿粉尘污染土壤化学性状的影响

辽宁省菱镁矿煅烧产生的粉尘对土壤污染越来越严重,但目前关于菱镁矿粉尘污染土壤的改良机理并不清楚,为此采用大石桥市菱镁矿粉尘重度污染土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了猪粪与磷石膏配合施用对菱镁矿粉尘污染土壤化学性状的影响。结果表明,施用磷石膏、猪粪与磷石膏配合施用可降低土壤pH幅度为0.3～0.6,增加水溶性钙镁比值(Ca2 /Mg2 )幅度为1.57～3.02。单施猪粪、猪粪与磷石膏配合施用增加了土壤中速效氮、磷、钾的含量。单施猪粪对土壤pH和Ca2 /Mg2 影响不显著,单施磷石膏增加了土壤中速效磷含量,施用猪粪与磷石膏可以有效地改善菱镁矿粉尘污染废弃地的土壤化学性状,且以两者配合施用的效果最好。     

岩溶山区磷石膏堆场重金属迁移对耕地质量的影响及污染风险管控

[目的]探讨磷石膏堆场周边耕地土壤重金属含量的变化、成因及污染风险,为磷化工产业可持续发展及水土环境重金属污染的治理提供科学依据。[方法]通过对贵州省中部磷石膏堆场进行实地调查与采样开展分析和研究。[结果]磷石膏堆场排水、侵蚀冲沟水及洼地积水中Cd,Hg,As的含量都超过农田灌溉水质一类标准(水作)水质限值,特别是Cd。在磷石膏堆场周边50～300 m范围内,玉米地、蔬菜地、水稻土中Cd的含量分别超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的4.87～9.43倍、8.83～19.13倍和3.83～13.42倍,堆场周边旱作土主要是Cd,As,Zn的污染风险,而水稻土则主要是Cd,As,Hg,Zn的污染风险;大部分蔬菜地土壤和水稻土中Cd的含量超过农用地土壤污染风险管控值。[结论]天然降雨对露天磷石膏堆场产生的侵蚀及淋溶作用是重金属迁移的主要原因,在地表水流方向上耕地重金属污染风险随着堆场距离的增加而逐步减小。兴修排灌设施及调整种植结构是减少磷石膏堆场周边耕地重金属污染的有效途径。     

磷石膏改良强酸性黄壤的效应研究

采用盆栽试验,以耐铝能力弱的高粱和强酸性黄壤为研究对象,探讨了磷石膏对强酸性环境高粱生长、养分平衡以及对土壤有效养分和交换铝的影响。结果表明,在强酸性黄壤上,由于铝毒作用,即使施足氮磷钾肥,高粱也生长不良;施用磷石膏和石灰的高粱生长正常,各生物学性状均极显著优于对照,施磷石膏高粱长势更优于施石灰者,高粱干重与磷石膏、石灰的施用量呈二次曲线变化(回归方程分别为:y=6.88 11.92x-1.65x2,R=0.983;y=6.88 6.39x-0.72x2,R=0.996),高粱株高和根长与磷石膏、石灰的施用量也呈二次曲线变化;磷石膏降低酸性黄壤铝毒、提高植物钙含量的效果略逊于石灰,在提高植物营养三要素(特别是磷、钾元素)的作用方面优于石灰,施磷石膏高粱磷、钾含量较石灰处理分别提高117.0%~200.0%和13.0%~14.8%;施磷石膏生长良好的高粱植株氮/磷、氮/钾、钾/磷比分别为6.8~7.1,1.2~1.3和5.4~5.6,比值适中、变幅小,氮/铝、磷/铝、钾/铝、钙/铝比分别是对照植株的1.9~2.0倍,5.8~6.3倍,1.8~2.1倍和2.0~2.5倍,改善和调节了高粱体内氮、磷、钾、钙养分的平衡;施磷石膏的土壤有效氮、磷、钾、钙较对照极显著增加,土壤有效磷、钾分别比施石灰提高41.8%~114.2%和59.4%~67.5%,施石灰的土壤有效磷、钾与对照差异不显著。     

基于离散元法的磷石膏深耕施肥机关键部件的设计

磷石膏是湿法磷酸生产时排出的固体废物,磷石膏的排放不仅占用大量土地、污染环境,而且给磷肥企业造成了很大的负担。磷石膏含水率大于一般肥料,在施肥过程中会有堵塞现象发生,现针对磷石膏特性对施肥机关键部件进行优化设计,以满足磷石膏施肥过程的顺利进行。使用离散元法建立颗粒模型,模拟其在施肥箱中的运动过程,分析是否存在堵塞现象,计算其施肥量,确定施肥机的合理参数,为施肥机的设计提供理论数据。最后,通过仿真分析得出:当排肥刮板长度为150mm、机具前进速度为1.2m/s、施肥轴转速为72r/min时,能够满足磷石膏施肥的农艺要求。     

Effect of Alkalized Phosphogypsum on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties

Phosphogypsum (PG) was mixed with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], ranging from 0 to 5%, to determine the optimal amount of Ca(OH)₂ required to alkalize the acidity of PG. The alkalized PG by 4% of Ca(OH)₂ addition was selected for field tests to evaluate the effects of alkalized PG on soil microbial, chemical properties, and yield of Chinese cabbage. Soil pH increased with increasing application rate of the alkalized PG and decreased with the unmodified PG application. Available phosphorus (P), water‐soluble sulfate (SO₄ ^2?), and exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) increased significantly with increasing application rate of alkalized and unmodified PG. Microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, soil enzyme activities, and the yield of Chinese cabbage in the alkalized PG application were greater than those of unmodified PG application. We concluded that alkalizing PG by mixing it with an alkaline material such as Ca(OH)₂ can turn it into a useful material for agricultural utilization.     

Study on the Pretreatment Technology of Phosphogypsum

The economic and effective pretreatment is a key to its recycling into useful building materials. The pretreatment such as washing, neutralizing with quick lime, grinding, floating, screening, calcination etc. have been studied. The effectiveness, problems and feasibility of pretreatment are analyzed. This paper presents the pretreatment principle of phosphogypsum utilization. If the phosphogypsum utilized is more than hundred thousand tones per year, the washing technology is recommended, otherwise, the technology of neutralizing with quick lime and grinding should be chosen.     

A Study on Plaster of Paris Made from Phosphogypsum

This paper deals with the purification of phosphogypsum by some processing such as washing with water, washing with lime milk, neutralization with lime and so on. It also covers the way to make plaster of Paris having good properties without washing. The result shows that the process of neutralization with lime is simple and the treated phosphogypsum can be used to produce the first grade of plaster.     

有机-无机复合改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效应研究

针对河北中捷农场滨海盐碱地所具有的盐碱化程度高、单盐毒害突出的特点,选取园林废弃物堆肥和惰化产品,并结合磷石膏对该地区的土壤进行改良研究.以大田条件下的实际应用为基础,设置不同处理,进行田间对比试验,定期取样,对土壤盐分指标进行测定分析.结果表明:1)施入有机改良剂和磷石膏,既能有效降低土壤pH值,又能避免单独施人磷石膏后,土壤pH值变化过大,对植物产生不利影响.2)从单因素试验分析,土壤的SAR随着有机改良剂和磷石膏施入量的提高而显著降低,磷石膏的改良效果优于有机改良剂;从2种改良剂的交互作用来看,有机-无机改良剂配施的效果优于改良剂的单施效果.3)随着有机-无机改良剂施人量的增加,土壤中的C1-质量分数呈显著降低,而SO42-质量分数呈显著增加趋势.4)根据试验结果,推荐施入1 kg/m2的磷石膏及5％的有机改良剂(体积比,约3.35 kg/m2),能够取得较好的改良效果,此时的改良成本约为6.70元/m2.研究结果以期为滨海盐碱地区城市绿化,提供理论依据.