昆明鼠卵母细胞的孤雌发育及对其干扰核移植试验的预防措施

本文着重研究了在昆明鼠细胞核移植过程中，卵母细胞孤雌发育的激活原因、形成过程，并提出了一些防止其干扰细胞核移植的措施。     

Reproductive polyphenism and its advantages in aphids: Switching between sexual and asexual reproduction

Reproductive polyphenism, which allows one genotype to produce sexual and asexual morphs, is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity and is commonly observed in aphids. Aphids are typical species that switch these reproductive modes, and the pathway orientation is triggered by the environmental conditions(mainly photoperiod and temperature). The typical annual life of aphids includes a succession of parthenogenetic generations during the spring and summer and a single sexual generation in autumn. In this review, we describe how the environmental cues orientate the reproductive mode of aphids from photoperiodic perception to endocrine regulation, and how juvenile hormones may act on the target cells(oocytes) to initiate the gametogenesis and embryogenesis in sexual and asexual reproduction. We also discuss the paradox of sex, especially the advantages of sexual reproduction in aphids. With the recent development of genomic resources in aphids, many potential genes involved in the reproductive polyphenism will enter the public's awareness. In particular, we describe a novel RNAi method in aphids, which may provide a molecular technique for determining the developmental fate and multiple reproductive strategies.     

玉米花粉诱导不同基因型小麦单倍体得胚率的比较及幼胚离体培养方法对成苗率的影响

选用六倍体普通小麦JYP97系列、常规材料小披白粒,9312(Z)、贵农、恒丰1号和四倍体硬粒小麦、雄性不育系HB系列(12号、11号、13号、26号)等不同倍性或不同基因型的小麦与玉米加-1、超-1、加-6、综-1、701,703等杂交,采用1/2MS培养基,剥取胚龄为14 d、大小为0.4~1.0 mm的小麦杂种幼胚,接种于培养基上,放置24~25℃黑暗条件下2~3周,置于温度为(26±1)℃、光照为1800~2 000 lx的条件下进行幼胚离体培养。结果表明:玉米花粉诱导六倍体普通小麦得胚率为5.4%,明显高于四倍体,玉米花粉诱导雄性不育系的得胚率为3.2%,高于常规材料。混合玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体得胚率4.6%,高于单一玉米花粉。采用未加任何激素的1/2MS培养基,选取14 d胚龄0.4~1.0 mm的幼胚离体培养,成苗率为81%,显著高于前人所采用的其它培养基进行幼胚离体培养的成苗率。     

玉米孤雌生殖诱导系的选育方法研究

本试验通过对北农大高油（ＢＨＯ）与Ｓｔｏｃｋ６ Ｆ１的自交后代、ＢＣ１和ＢＣ２后代分离群体单株单倍体诱导率的分布趋势分析发现,在３个群体中均以诱导率最低的类型占绝大部分,诱导率较高（相对于Ｓｔｏｃｋ６）的类型所占比率很小,而诱导率突出的类型所占比率更小,在Ｆ１自交后人系统中出出了诱导率大大超出高亲的极端类型而在ＢＣ１和ＢＣ２的后代系统中未见有诱导率超高的跳跃性分布类型随着Ｓｔｏｃｋ６回交次数的增加,后代中分离出诱导率超亲类型的可能性越来越小。因此ＢＨＯ中可能存在不同于Ｓｔｏｃｋ６的诱导单倍体基因。与ＢＣ１和ＢＣ２后代相比,ＢＨＯ／Ｓｔｏｃｋ６的自交后代中籽粒Ｎａｖａｊｏ标记更向于深标记类型,表明ＢＨＯ中也具有增强籽粒色素的修饰基因。ＢＣ１和ＢＣ２的后代中,没有发现大胚类型,而Ｆ１的自交后代中则获得了一些大胚面的     

光强、温度和N/P比对坛紫菜叶状体单性生殖发生的影响

为探究培养条件对坛紫菜叶状体生长和单性生殖发生的影响,研究了不同光强、温度和N/P比下坛紫菜叶状体的生长及单性生殖发生的特点。结果显示,当光强为10～40μmol/(m2·s)时,藻体生长缓慢、成熟晚、单性生殖发生晚;光强增至60～80μmol/(m2·s)时,藻体生长加快,成熟和单性生殖发生同时提前。温度为17～20°C时,藻体生长慢、成熟晚、单性生殖发生推迟;23°C时藻体生长最快;而29°C组的藻体虽然生长受到抑制,但藻体成熟和单性生殖发生得到促进。N/P比为16∶1处理组的叶状体比其他处理组(1∶1、4∶1、32∶1和64∶1)均生长变快,N/P比为64∶1时叶状体生长最慢,但易成熟、易发生单性生殖。因此,在高光强、高温和高N/P比下,藻体成熟和单性生殖发生均提早,说明这些因素对坛紫菜叶状体单性生殖的发生有重要影响。     

不同培养液及血清浓度对绵羊孤雌生殖胚胎发育的影响

体外成熟的绵羊卵母细胞，经5 μmol/L A23187 5 min和2 mmol/L 6-DMAP 4 h激活后，分别在SOFaa、M-199两种培养液中进行培养，试验比较了SOFaa、M-199液分别添加BSA和不同浓度（10%、20%）胎牛血清对绵羊孤雌生殖胚体外发育的影响。M-199+FCS组的卵裂率显著低于SOFaa+BSA和SOFaa+FCS组（P<0.05），SOFaa+BSA组的囊胚率显著低于M-199+BSA、SOFaa+FCS、M-199+FCS三组（P<0.05）；SOFaa+10% FCS与SOFaa+20% FCS组的卵裂率及囊胚率均无显著差异，M-199+10% FCS和M-199+20% FCS组的卵裂率及囊胚率间均无显著差异。结果表明：SOFaa比M-199更适合绵羊孤雌生殖胚体外发育，此外添加10%的FCS即可达到较好的培养效果。     

桑蚕单性生殖的研究进展

本文对桑蚕的自然单性生殖、人工单性生殖、减数分裂和非减数分裂的单性生殖发育等研究进展进行了简要地阐述；并指出在遗传学研究和育种中利用完全纯合的品系以及在蚕种生产中应用孤雄生殖技术的重要意义。     

连续孤雌生殖对蒙古裸腹Sao繁殖能力的影响

在实验室内采用单个体培养方法对蒙古裸腹进行了105d的连续孤雌生殖培养。在适宜而稳定的温度、盐度和食物条件下,连续孤雌生殖24个世代后,蒙古裸腹的繁殖能力未出现明显的下降趋势。实验中,74.1%的蒙古裸腹生殖窝数超过4窝,产幼前发育时间为4.28±0.37d,两次生殖间隔期为2.30±0.41d,前4窝平均每窝生殖量为7.52±1.39个。本实验结果表明:在适宜环境条件下,连续孤雌生殖24个世代不会对蒙古裸腹繁殖能力产生明显的负影响。     

温度、光周期和相对湿度对棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebia japonica(Ashmead)]发育及繁殖的影响

室内条件下,22℃,L:D=16:8;RH:60％-80％,棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebiajaponica(Ashmead)]个体发育历经卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个阶段,1个世代需12．5d,卵的发育起点温度为7．06℃,完成一个世代需有效积温为176．95日度。发育过程中,温度、光照、湿度三因子起决定性的作用。交配后的雌蜂产两性后代,未交配雌蜂营产雄孤雌生殖。     

Doubled haploid production of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) through irradiated pollen-induced parthenogenesis

Induced parthenogenesis as a possible method of haploidization in sunflower (H. annuus L.) was tested in previous investigations (Todorova et al., 1994) and conditions for reproducible regeneration of gynogenic doubled haploids were established by the present work. Forty eight treatments were studied, involving four pollen donors and four recipient hybrids. Pollen was irradiated with doses of 300 Gy, 600 Gy and 900 Gy. In total, 2279 embryos were cultivated in vitro of which 1107 plants were obtained and 582 of them produced seeds after selfing. The ploidy level of the regenerants was evaluated at the two – three leaf stage and 296 of the plantlets obtained were haploids. Some of them underwent spontaneous diploidization, the others were treated with colchicine solution for chromosome doubling. The diploid plantlets were checked for their gynogenic origin by genetical and biochemical methods. The effectiveness of the method expressed as the number of agronomically useful DH lines to the number obtained that were fertile and resistant to downy mildew, branched and unbranched plants was 8,6% on average. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.