Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

羔羊全营养代乳粉对羔羊增重影响的试验

为了研究羔羊出生后采取人工饲喂代乳粉溶液的效果，对10日龄羔羊称重，以平均日增重与母乳组比较，用t检验方法检验差异显著性。研究结果显示羔羊平均日增重试验组为0.097-0.126kg，母乳组为0.071-0.113kg，二者没有显著差异。在生产中，代乳粉能替代绵羊母乳饲喂羔羊，对多胎品系羊的推广应用以及解决绵羊缺乳、少乳或无乳问题具有重要意义。     

Purification and some properties of Papaya meleira virus, a novel virus infecting papayas in Brazil

'Meleira', or 'sticky disease', is currently the most damaging papaya disease in the mid-eastern Brazilian growing regions. Consistent disease transmission via latex injection, presence of similar isometric particles in the laticiferous vessels of diseased plants, and detection of double-stranded DNA in naturally and experimentally infected papaya trees suggest that a virus is the causal agent. Conclusive evidence for viral aetiology was previously lacking, mostly because every attempt to purify the putative virus from infected papayas had failed. Following the successful purification and partial characterization of the meleira virus, healthy papaya seedlings injected with purified virus particles later developed typical symptoms of the disease. Negatively stained, isometric, full and 'empty' purified virus particles measured 42 and 38 nm, respectively. The viral genome was a single dsRNA molecule of about 12 kbp. Several capsid proteins, ranging in size from 14·4 to 45 kDa, were consistently revealed by PAGE. Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) appears to represent a novel group of viruses, with no known similar counterpart among known plant-, vertebrate-, invertebrate- or prokaryote-infecting viruses.     

循环流化床中塑料粉与稻壳共燃生成NO的研究

为研究塑料与稻壳共燃的氮氧化物生成规律,在自行设计的循环流化床装置上进行了二者的共燃实验。研究了温度、塑料粉和稻壳的混合比例及过量空气系数对NO生成量的影响。实验结果表明,随温度升高,NO生成量升高;随塑料粉与稻壳混合比例增加,NO生成量呈降低趋势,且NO的生成量低于二者单独焚烧时生成量的线性叠加;随着过量空气系数增加,NO生成量降低。为寻找二者共燃NO生成的一般性规律,采用径向基神经网络建立了NO生成的预测模型,预测结果显示该模型具有很高的精度。     

母乳活性成分对婴儿免疫健康的影响研究进展

母乳被公认为婴儿营养的“黄金”标准和婴儿的最佳食物,由于母乳中多种生物活性成分的存在,使其为婴幼儿提供除营养外的其他益处,如免疫保护。本文综述母乳活性成分乳铁蛋白、母乳低聚糖、核苷酸、1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯和益生菌对婴儿免疫健康的影响,同时对市售11个产品的婴儿配方乳粉可选择性成分进行分析,为婴儿配方乳粉可选择性成分的选择提供理论依据。     

基于反相高效液相色谱技术测定市售羊乳粉中蛋白

为鉴别及检测不同地区市售羊乳粉的品质,基于反相高效液相色谱(reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography,RP-HPLC)技术,将35种市售羊乳粉根据陕西地区和非陕西地区、纯羊乳粉和配方羊乳粉进行分类与检测,研究不同产地、不同种类羊乳粉的差异,对羊乳粉品质进行分析判别。结果表明：对市售羊乳粉乳蛋白进行RP-HPLC测定发现,配方羊乳粉α_s2-酪蛋白(α_s2-casein,α_s2-CN)和β-CN相对含量分别低于纯羊乳粉20%和24%,κ-CN和乳清蛋白相对含量分别高于纯羊乳粉30%和50%;不同地区纯羊乳粉乳蛋白组成及含量相似。因此,通过RP-HPLC可以实现对市售羊乳粉中乳蛋白的测定和质量评价。     

两种物理加工方式对西洋参加工副产物粉体性质的影响

为明确西洋参加工副产物粉体的适宜加工方式,扩大西洋参加工副产物粉体在食品与保健品加工中的应用范围,丰富西洋参产品种类,分别采用蒸汽爆破、超微粉碎两种物理加工方式处理西洋参加工副产物粉体,评价其物理指标和营养指标,以期为生产西洋参片剂、粉剂、胶囊剂等产品提供一定的理论参考。结果表明：超微西洋参粉体与对照和汽爆相比色泽保持效果好,休止角小,比表面积大,可满足加工成片剂和胶囊剂的需求,也适宜作为功能性食品原料吸附或包裹于食品表面;其膨胀力大,持油力强,有利于吸附肠道中的脂类,适合加工为固体饮料。汽爆西洋参粉体滑动角小,堆积密度大,吸湿率小,更利于压片成型以及产品的短期保存;同时,汽爆西洋参粉体粗多糖含量大幅度增加,是对照粗多糖的4.107倍,更适合加工成功能性固体饮料。     

药食同源复合代餐粉的研制及血糖生成指数评价

以葛根、茯苓等为原料,辅以燕麦纤维粉、黑豆等,研制一款适合糖尿病患者食用的药食同源复合代餐粉,以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验确定代餐粉的最佳配方,并对该产品的血糖生成指数进行测定。结果表明,该产品的最佳配方为：葛根粉15.82 g,茯苓粉5.1 g,黄精粉3.81 g,枸杞粉2.3 g,燕麦纤维粉20 g,黑豆粉18 g,豌豆粉15 g,黑米粉10 g,苦荞粉10 g,甜菊糖0.15 g。该产品冲调性好,口感醇厚,营养丰富,血糖生成指数低,适合糖尿病人食用。     

饲料中不同蛋黄粉水平对孔雀鱼繁殖力的影响

试验旨在研究饲料中不同蛋黄粉水平对孔雀鱼繁殖周期和产仔量的影响。选择生长状况良好且相近的成年孔雀鱼20对,随机分为四组,对照组饲喂基础饲料,试验组分别饲喂蛋黄粉含量为2%、4%、8%的混合饲料。结果显示,在试验蛋黄粉水平范围内,饲料中蛋黄粉水平越高,繁殖周期越短,对照组与试验组差异显著(P＜0.05),但各试验组间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。对产仔量的统计结果显示,随着饲养时间的延长和饲料中蛋黄粉水平升高,孔雀鱼产仔量增多,第三次产仔量各试验组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),但各试验组间差异不显著;总产仔量8%蛋黄粉水平最高,但与4%蛋黄粉水平差异不显著(P＞0.05)。提示饲料中添加蛋黄粉可缩短孔雀鱼的繁殖周期,提高孔雀鱼产仔量,4%蛋黄粉水平为本试验中饲料最适蛋黄粉含量。     

基于网络药理学探究乌梅散加减方治疗猪传染性胃肠炎的作用机制

【目的】借助网络药理学手段探究乌梅散加减方治疗猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)的作用机制。【方法】利用中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)、Swiss TargetPrediction获取乌梅散加减方的活性成分与作用靶点,应用公共比较毒理基因组学数据库(CTD)获取TGE的相关靶点,使用STRING数据库绘制乌梅散加减方与TGE交集靶点的蛋白互作(PPI)网络图,利用DAVID对交集靶点进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析,探究乌梅散加减方治疗TGE的作用机制。【结果】从乌梅散加减方中共筛选到槲皮素、山柰酚、芒柄花素等125种活性成分和JUN原癌基因(JUN)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、信号传导与转录激活因子3(STAT3)等58个作用靶点。GO功能富集分析显示,共得到生物过程138个条目,涉及免疫反应、血管内皮因子生成、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子对pri-miRNA转录的正调控等;细胞组分13个条目,涉及胞外区、细胞外空间、膜筏等;分子功能32个条目,涉及细胞因子活性、生长因子活性、白细胞介素2(IL2)受体活性等。KEGG通路富集分析显示,共得到135条信号通路,其中IL17信号通路、Th1...