黑杨萎蔫枝叶对棉铃虫生殖行为的影响

研究了黑杨(Populus nigra)萎蔫枝叶及其气味对棉铃虫成虫的隐藏部位、产卵部位、交配率及产卵量等的影响，并对黑杨萎蔫枝把在田间诱集到的棉铃虫雌蛾进行了解剖观察。结果表明，在田间，黑杨萎蔫枝把诱集到的棉铃虫93．3％已经交配。在气候箱中，放置黑杨萎蔫枝叶的环境中配对饲养的棉铃虫，经过1个暗期和2个暗期后，其交配率与对照环境中的均无显著差异。在光期开始时，有51．5％的成虫隐藏在饲养笼内所设置的黑杨叶子圆片下，对照纱布圆片下仅有16．7％。叶子圆片所在区域的日平均落卵量显著大于对照区。黑杨萎蔫枝叶及其气味对棉铃虫的产卵前期、产卵持续期、成虫寿命和产下50％的卵所用的时间无显著影响，但饲养笼内有黑杨枝把或黑杨叶片气味存在时，棉铃虫的产卵量比模拟枝把和对照显著提高。     

不同种类柑橘果实氨基酸组成及营养品质评价

为探明不同品种宽皮柑橘果肉的特征性香气物质,以芦柑、温州蜜柑、红桔、瓯柑、砂糖橘的果肉为研究对象,基于GC-MS共分离鉴定出65种香气物质,其中d-柠檬烯含量最高占56.34~85.98%。采用香气活性值法和主成分分析法,确定温州蜜柑的特征香气物质为反式-β-罗勒烯、(E)-2-壬烯醛、橙花醛、香叶基丙酮,红桔为香叶醛、(-)-4-松油醇、α-萜品烯、辛醛、α-萜品醇、芳樟醇、β-香茅醇、β-月桂烯、?-萜品烯,瓯柑为顺式-β-罗勒烯、d-柠檬烯、β-水芹烯,砂糖橘为β-香茅醛、癸醛、紫苏醛、(E)-2-己烯醛,而芦柑仅有α-金合欢烯。这些特征香气性物质的差异,形成宽皮柑橘独特的风味特征。     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

可发酵碳水化合物减少猪场臭气的机理和应用

可发酵碳水化合物,添加在猪日粮中到达后肠作为微生物发酵的底物,通过改变猪肠道和粪便中的微生物及其发酵过程,改变粪尿的理化特性,来减少氨的挥发以及臭气的产生.本文对臭气和除臭方法进行了简单的介绍,并综述了通过在猪日粮中添加可发酵碳水化合物来控制猪场臭气的机理和应用效果.     

可发酵碳水化合物减少猪场臭气的机理和应用

可发酵碳水化合物,添加在猪日粮中到达后肠作为微生物发酵的底物,通过改变猪肠道和粪便中的微生物及其发酵过程,改变粪尿的理化特性,来减少氨的挥发以及臭气的产生。本文对臭气和除臭方法进行了简单的介绍,并综述了通过在猪日粮中添加可发酵碳水化合物来控制猪场臭气的机理和应用效果。     

养猪废水恶臭挥发性物质释放特征及其组分源解析

为探究猪场曝气池和出水口废水水样的恶臭挥发性物质（Malodorous Volatile Compounds,MVCs）组成和释放特征,本文采用质子转移反应质谱（PTR-MS）检测了养猪废水在实验室模拟存储过程中顶空MVCs组成,检出了含苯芳香烃、胺类、硫化物、酮类、酚类、羧酸和吲哚7类共22种MVCs。两种废水中MVCs浓度较高是氨、硫化氢、丙酮、二甲胺、甲基乙基酮、甲硫醇和丙酸等。通过臭味活度值（OAV_i）分析了两种废水的臭气组分相对贡献率,曝气池废水释放的MVCs臭味贡献度较高的是甲硫醇（28.77%）、3-甲基吲哚（19.05%）、对甲苯酚（18.45%）、硫化氢（15.05%）和二甲胺（7.15%）;而出水口液样释放的MVCs臭味贡献度较高的是对甲苯酚（47.17%）、甲硫醇（38.26%）和3-甲基吲哚（14.57%）。胺类和羧酸类物质在整个储存过程中的浓度变化较小,硫化物在所有挥发性有机物中所占的比例较低,在存放过程中浓度变化差异较小。曝气池废水中释放速率最高的MVCs是氨、丙酮和二甲胺,分别为47 928、27 μg·h^-1·m^-2和15 μg·h^-1·m^-2。主成分分析结果显示MVCs组分来源为4类,分别为含碳有机物的厌氧消化、蛋白质分解、粪浆及冲刷水中的颗粒物和动物排泄。     

基于电子鼻技术的野生当归与栽培当归气味比较

目的：评价甘肃野生当归与栽培当归的品质。方法：通过电子鼻检测不同当归气味在传感器上的响应值,并采用主成分（PCA）、判别因子（DFA）进行分析。结果：野生当归与栽培当归气味差异明显。结论：电子鼻技术对当归气味的判别与传统经验鉴别相一致,可以作为中药质量的快速鉴别手段。     

猪粪堆肥臭气产生与调控的研究

通过两次室外中型堆肥试验，研究在相同水分条件(68.8%)，不同调理剂、不同碳氮比(C/N)、不同通气方式以及不同添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中臭气产生与控制的影响。研究表明：猪粪堆肥中，臭气的主要形式是氨气，主要产生在堆肥的升温及高温期。降低堆肥的pH值、增加微生物对NH⁺₄-N的固定等是控制臭气的有效措施；过磷酸钙添加量为1.5%时，可以降低堆肥的pH值，使NH₃浓度减小，促进NH⁺₄-N向其它形式的氮转变，且不影响堆肥的腐熟；除臭剂试验组堆肥过程中臭味小，堆肥结束后的物理性状最好，不影响猪粪堆肥进程，可在生产中推广。     

佛香茶香气成分的研究

 佛香茶是云南名茶,具有香高持久、带板栗香的香型特点。用GC／MS法分析了佛香茶的香气组成,共鉴定出30种香气成分。其主要成分如下:芳樟醇、α-松油醇、香叶醇、橙花醇、橙花叔醇、α-[HT6”,5”SS]律[HT5”]草烯、氧化长叶松烯、氧化石竹烯、丁酸-4-已烯酯、四甲基-十六碳-2-烯-Ⅰ-醇。     

Cuticular hydrocarbons in two parapatric species of ants and their hybrid

Discrimination between nestmates and non‐nestmates in social insects is thought to rely on the pattern of cuticular hydrocarbons. We investigated the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of 2 parapatric sibling ant species, Temnothorax nylanderi (Förster, 1850) and Temnothorax crassispinus (Karavaiev, 1926), and their hybrid. We found that although the profiles show considerable similarities, a discriminant analysis based on the relative peak areas of cuticular hydrocarbons separates the 3 taxa. The profiles of hybrids were not consistently intermediate between those of the paternal species, suggesting either non‐additive interactions among the parental biosynthetic pathways or systematic differences in environment‐derived odor cues.