基于MaxEnt模型的可可潜在适宜分布研究

根据野外采样和文献查阅,系统整理了可可的地理分布记录,并利用MaxEnt生态位模型和ArcGIS软件对可可的潜在适宜分布范围进行预测。结果表明:北美洲南部、中南美洲北部、非洲西部、亚洲东南部以及太平洋美拉尼西亚群岛地区均是可可的潜在适宜分布区域。其中,中国海南、台湾南部、云南西双版纳、广东雷州半岛也属于可可的适生范围。经ROC(Receiver operating characteristic)曲线分析法验证,MaxEnt模型的AUC(Area under curve)值为0.977,表明预测结果具有较高的可信度。各环境变量重要性的Jacknife检验表明,极端最低温度、年降雨量、年温度变化范围、最暖季降雨量对可可的潜在分布影响最大。     

黄土丘陵区不同管理方式下草地优势种群的生态位

以吴起县杨青川流域草地为研究对象,对封育(Enclosure)、放牧(Grazing)、施肥(Fertilization)、刈割(Clipping)、灭鼠(Deratization)5种管理方式的草地群落进行调查,并运用Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠指数对5种管理方式下主要植物种群生态位特征进行分析。结果表明,达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)和硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)的种群总生态位宽度较大,封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠管理模式下,生态位宽度最大的分别是达乌里胡枝子、赖草、紫花地丁(Viola philippica)、达乌里胡枝子和猪毛蒿,生态位宽度值大于4的物种数分别为6、6、3、4和3种。不同管理方式下各种对间的重叠指数平均值由大到小依次封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠。施肥管理中,种群间生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间存在线性关系,其它管理方式中种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间不存在线性关系。生态位分析表明,封育和放牧管理下种群间对资源的需求趋于相同,彼此间通过竞争共存,有利于群落演替,草地生态系统逐渐得到恢复,施肥、刈割、灭鼠管理使群落物种竞争排序发生变化,破坏了草地生态系统原有的竞争机制,导致群落向简单群落演替。从牧草发展角度出发,封育、施肥和刈割有利于优质牧草生长。     

兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草群落及生态位研究

对兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草进行了研究,初步了解了其杂草种类和杂草种群的消长动态。主要杂草有打碗花、田旋花、藜、刺儿菜、荠菜、稗草、马齿苋、反枝苋、狗尾草。主要杂草的干重为藜、反枝苋、稗草分别列第1、第2和第3位。生态位的研究结果表明,藜的时间、水平、垂直生态位宽度值最高,分别为0.952 6,0.971 8,0.937 9,其危害最大;其次为反枝苋和稗草。藜、反枝苋和稗草为优势种群,与玉米存在时间、水平、垂直空间的竞争激烈,并且这3种杂草的生态位重叠值也最大,因此在使用一种除草剂时,可能会导致另两种杂草的发生与蔓延。马齿苋尽管数量最多,但其在垂直方位的生态位宽度值最小,对玉米影响小,处于劣势。除草处理各经济性状指标值均较不除草对照高,其折合产量为10 111.11 kg/hm2,较不除草处理增产36.19%。     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

凤凰县刺楸天然种群主要物种的生态位特征

以湖南省凤凰县刺楸(Kalopanax septemlobus)天然种群分布相对集中的9个样地作为资源位,按重要值总和排序确定主要植物种,应用Levins、Shannon–Wiener、Pianka和Schoener公式分析群落乔木层和灌木层总计29个主要植物种的生态位。结果表明:在乔木层中,刺楸的重要值总和最高(1.345),杉木、柞木、刺楸的生态位宽度较大;乔木层多数种对间的生态位重叠程度较高,对环境需求存在较高的相似性,高重叠种对的相似度为69.23%,高相似种对的相似度为52.75%;刺楸和其他物种的生态位重叠与其他物种的生态位宽度呈正相关;灌木层种间生态位分化不明显,在资源不足时极易产生竞争;生态位宽度值与生态位重叠值、生态位相似比例值关系复杂;刺楸生态位宽度较宽,当资源不足时,刺楸在竞争中不占优势,其种群更新会受到其他物种的影响。     

生态位构建理论及其应用

总结了生态位构建在自然选择压的改变、非基因继承、基因具有间接的相互作用和表型的双重角色等4个方面的理论;探讨了生态位构建在进化生物学、生态学协同进化、人类基因遗传和文化过程的关系、管理科学等相关研究领域的应用情况和发展前景.     

Allometric and ontogenetic patterns related to feeding of a neotropical fish, Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Abstract –  This study aims to analyse whether Satanoperca pappaterra changes its feeding habit throughout ontogenetic development, and whether morphological ontogenetic patterns are related to its feeding habit and food capture. We collected 258 individuals in the Cuiabá river basin (Brazil) for analyses. There was a weak relationship between diet and body size, as evidenced by size class and multivariate analyses, and niche breadth did not vary strongly during ontogenetic development. Eight morphometric variables were measured in each individual. We found an isometric relationship for mouth height and width, and for head length. We found positive allometry for snout length and body height in relation to body length, whereas this relationship for intestine length and eye diameter showed negative allometry. These results suggest that morphology and consequently diet vary weakly during ontogenetic development of S. pappaterra .     

Yin-yang Balance Therapy on Regulating Cancer Stem Cells

Researches have shown that cancer stem cells,regulated by the niche where they reside,are the roots of oncogenesis,relapse and metastasis.To date,very few treatments have targeted on cancer stem cells....     

基于生态适宜度模型的城乡土地利用分区与优化布局——以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例

开展城乡土地利用功能分区和空间布局优化,是促进城乡一体化发展的有效途径。以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例,通过构建城乡土地利用生态位适宜度模型,对鄱阳湖生态经济区土地利用生态位适宜度进行了分区,并在此基础上提出了优化布局策略。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖生态经济区布局优化为商业发展主导区、工业发展主导区和农业发展主导区以及环境保护主导区;(2)鄱阳湖生态经济区城乡土地利用空间布局可划分为核心增长极、区域中心城市、一级扩散圈、二级扩散圈和二级扩散带;(3)应从发展高新技术产业、提升都市圈核心竞争力、保障城乡用地需求、加快农田水利建设和优化生态开发利用模式等方面优化城乡土地利用空间布局。基于生态适宜度模型探讨城乡土地利用布局,为实现区域城乡均衡发展提供了新视角。     

耕地数量生态位重心模型构建及其应用——以焦作市为例

以生态位理论为基础，提出了耕地生态元和耕地生态位的概念。在此基础上，构建了用以量度耕地数量空间格局变化规律的耕地数量生态位重心模型，并运用该模型对焦作市1998-2004年期间耕地数量变化规律进行了分析。分析结果表明，该模型可以有效测度区域耕地数量整体变化特征及其年际变化程度大小，并可依据其变化规律探求区域耕地数量变化的驱动因素和驱动力。