Reproductive Behavior of Hexaploid/Diploid Wheat Hybrids 1

The bottleneck restricting introgression of useful genes directly from diploid into hexaploid wheats is the low number of BC₁F₁ seeds obtained. In crosses between hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; AABBDD) and Aegilops squarrosa L. (DD) or T. urartu Thum. (AA), this bottleneck may be overcome simply by pollinating a sufficient number of F₁ spikes. However, hybrids between hexaploid wheat cultivars (T. aestivum) and T. monococcum L. (AA) generally are highly female-sterile, often having no pistils. One T. monococcum accession, PI 355520, when crossed with T. aestivum, produced hybrids with female fertility in the same range as that of T. aestivum/A. squarrosa or T. aestivum/T. urartu hybrids, ca. 0.5 to 1.0 backcross seed per spike. We found that female fertility was controlled by two duplicate genes in PI 355520, and that this accession can be used as a bridging parent to introgress genes from other T. monococcum accessions into hexaploid wheat. Pairing of homologous chromosomes was less frequent and weaker in such crosses than in T. aestivum/A. squarrosa crosses, but homoeologous bivalents occurred at a rate of almost 0.5 II per cell. Restitution division was detected in crosses involving all three diploid species and was confirmed cytologically in crosses with PI 355520. Chromosome numbers of BC₁F₁ plants ranged from 35 to 67; plants with 49 or more chromosomes occurred at frequencies of 0.09 to 0.21 among progeny of A. squarrosa and T. urartu and 0.29 in progeny of T. aestivum/T. monococcum crosses involving PI 355520. These results are consistent with those of previous studies, demonstrating the potential of direct Hexaploid/diploid crosses for rapidly introgressing useful genes into Hexaploid wheat with minimum disturbance of the background genotype.     

Inheritance of Induced Morphological Mutants in Triticutn monococcum L.

The mode of inheritance of fifteen induced morphological mutants in diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. was determined. The results showed that earliness, reduced height, uniculm, liguleless branched spike, compact ear, and free-threshing habit of each of these mutants is the result of a single recessive mutation. Red awns and xantha traits are controlled by two recessive genes with duplicate and inhibitory gene interactions, respectively. Some of the early and dwarf mutants were non-allelic. One dwarf GA₃-insensitive mutant with recessive gene action may be a new source. Mutants such as early maturing, dwarf and free threshing habit may be of significance in breeding diploid wheat.     

Application of Triticum monococcum for the improvement of triticale resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the leaf rust resistance introduced into introgressive triticale lines with Triticum monococcum genes, and to study the expression of these genes at the hexaploid level. The introgressive lines were developed by incorporating diploid wheat (T. monococcum s.s.) genes into hexaploid triticale LT 522/6 using the synthetic allotetraploid T. monococcum/Secale cereale (A^mA^mRR) as a bridging form. A group of 44 those lines, parental stocks and check cultivars were inoculated at the seedling stage (in a greenhouse) and at the adult‐plant stage (in the field) with four pathotypes of Puccinia triticina. At the seedling stage the assessment of infection type showed that four lines had resistance to all pathotypes as high as in the T. monococcum donor. Adult plant examinations showed some introgressive lines with complete resistance and also lines with partial resistance, expressed in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculations as slow rusting. Some lines comprise low AUDPC with complete resistance at seedling stage.     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of New α-Gliadin Genes from Triticum monococcum

α-醇溶蛋白是人们生活中消费最多的蛋白,由于含有引起乳糜泻（CD）的主要毒性肽成分,也是引起CD的最活跃的蛋白。为了解一粒小麦在小麦品质育种中的潜力,利用1对α-醇溶蛋白的特异引物,采用基因组PCR法从栽培一粒小麦中克隆α-醇溶蛋白新基因,共获得片段大小为856～882bp的4个基因序列,分别命名为AA-6、AA-8、AA-9和AA-21（GenBank登录号为JN831382～JN831385）。其中,AA-8、AA-9和AA-21均在102位因C→T替换而导致TAG终止子出现成为假基因;AA-6由882个核苷酸构成,可编码293个氨基酸,与已知基因的最高同源性为99%,推断氨基酸序列具有α-醇溶蛋白的典型结构,是α-醇溶蛋白家族的新成员。AA-6的CD毒性肽分析表明,除不含A基因组所没有的glia-α和glia-α2毒性肽外,其他已知的7种毒性肽均有分布。AA-6和86个来源于小麦及其祖先供体种的α-醇溶蛋白的同源性分析表明,α-醇溶蛋白基因存在基因组来源的差异性,其中,A、D基因组来源的α-醇溶蛋白基因的相似性较高。     

A controlled environment test for resistance to Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) and its use to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance in wheat cv. Cadenza and for screening Triticum monococcum genotypes for sources of SBCMV resistance

Several wheat genotypes, including eight with known field responses, were evaluated for their reaction to Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV, genus Furovirus) by growing in naturally infested soil under controlled environment conditions. Virus antigen titres in the foliage 8–9 weeks after sowing mostly reflected the field responses, showing that growth chamber-based tests can be used to improve the speed and reliability of germplasm screening. Such tests were used to determine the mode of inheritance of the SBCMV resistance in cv. Cadenza, commonly used in UK wheat-breeding programmes. One hundred and eleven doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from an F ₁ of a cross between cvs Cadenza (resistant) and Avalon (susceptible) were evaluated. This DH population segregated for the reaction to SBCMV in a ratio of 1 : 1 (resistant : susceptible). This suggests that the SBCMV resistance is controlled by a single gene locus. As a first step towards identification of new sources of improved SBCMV resistance (e.g. immunity) as well as sources of the resistance to the virus vector, Polymyxa graminis , a set of 26 Triticum monococcum lines of diverse geographical origin was also screened. Most lines were susceptible to SBCMV, but one line of Bulgarian origin was resistant to the virus and possibly partially resistant to the virus vector.     

一粒小麦染色体高分辨显带

AMD 法显带技术对一粒小麦的染色体进行染色体高分辨显带,经过放线菌素 D 预处理、Ohnuki′s 溶液低渗、固定液中捣碎涂片法制片、Wright-Giemsa 染色等显带程序,可以在一粒小麦的所有染色体上成功地显示丰富的高分辨带纹,并对其进行了分析与配对,平均每条染色体上有20多条深带,整个染色体组共显143条带纹。这将对一粒小麦染     

In vitro selection for modified amino-acid pathways in Triticum species

In vitro selections were carried out to obtain mutant plants of Triticum aestivum L. and T. monococcum L. with modified amino-acid pathways. Embryogenic callus cultures were selected with the amino acids L-lysine plus L-threonine and the amino acid analogues S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine, 5-methyl-L-tryptophan and sulfometuron-methyl. A number of plants were regenerated from these selections and tested for resistance at the whole-plant level. Only plants from the selections with sulfometuron-methyl proved to be resistant and these were characterized biochemically. Three different mutant lines could be detected. The resistance of these plants could be associated with an altered enzyme. Acetolactate synthase was less sensitive to inhibition. A discussion of the suitability of the selection agents is presented.     

The Effect of Photoperiod Insensitivity on the Salt Tolerance of Amphiploids between Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Sand Couch Grass (Thinopyrum bessarabicum)

From the crosses (6 × triticale ‘Lasko’× AARR) בLasko’ one plant with 56 chromosomes was obtained. The selfed progenies showed reduction of somatic chromosome number. A reciprocal cross of hyperploid introgressive plants with ‘Lasko’ indicated similar transmission rates of additional chromosomes through female and male gametes. The degree of initial reduction is of great importance for the number of succeeding generations needed to reach the hexaploid level. With regard to the output of introgressive lines of practical breeding importance, it is necessary to continue and to promote the recombination processes between donor and recipient genetic information for as long as possible. An interruption of recombination by beginning selection too early leads to the loss of genetic variability in the progenies.     

The Transfer of Resistance to the Russian Wheat Aphid from Triticum monococcum L. to Common Wheat

Two Triticum monococcum accessions were found to be highly resistant to the Russian wheat aphid. An attempt was made to transfer the resistance to common wheat through direct hybridization or by using bridge species. In each of the four crossing strategies tried, a gradual loss of resistance occurred as hybrids with higher ploidy levels were obtained. It appeared that the level of resistance observed was directly proportional to the ratio of the Triticum monococcum genome relative to other genomes. This would indicate suppression of the resistance gene(s) by the added genomes or dilution of its product(s) by those of homoeoloci. The degree of protection afforded by the gene(s) at the hexaploid level may prove to be small. Plants suspected to be homozygous for the resistance gene(s) were identified; however, further backcrossing to common wheat will be required to improve their agronomic types and meiotic regularities.     

Survey of amylose content in Secale cereale, triticum monococcum, T. turgidum and T. tauschii

A standard method for determining apparent amylose content was modified for use with samples of 2–3 cereal seeds. Starch was extracted by soaking the seeds overnight in dilute ammonia solution, grinding in NaCl solution in a microfuge tube with an appropriate pestle and decanting the starch slurry. The starch was then washed successively in acetic acid, ethanol and acetone. The amylose content was determined by dispersing 5·0 mg of the starch in ethanol, adding NaOH solution, heating until a clear gel was formed, diluting, neutralising with citric acid, staining with iodine and reading in a spectrophotometer at 620 nm. The method provided a very strong correlation with a standard method for much larger samples. The apparent amylose content was determined for 1083 accessions of Triticum monococcum (einkorn), T. turgidum (emmer), T. tauschii and Secale cereale (rye). The 10 extreme accessions of each species were re-analysed a further three times and the two most extreme individual lines were selected for genetic studies. Apparent amylose content of T. monococcum ranged from 15 to 28%; that of T. turgidum, 19–31%; T. tauschii, 21–34%; and rye 12–28%. These ranges are considered sufficiently broad to allow amylose content to be further diversified through breeding.