几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质

为研究几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质,实验采用液相色谱—质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对茉莉酸生物合成途径相关物质建立检测方法,并对龙须菜、坛紫菜受到机械损伤时各物质的变化情况进行检测。以100%甲醇提取茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、12-氧-植物二烯酸(12-OPDA)和13-氢过氧化亚麻酸(13-HpOTE),利用XBridge TM C18色谱柱,以甲醇/水为流动相分离4种物质。优化条件下4种物质得到良好分离,加标回收率为81.23%～90.25%,检测限为0.04～0.56 ng/mL,灵敏度高。坛紫菜、龙须菜和真江蓠3种红藻中,坛紫菜中未检测到JA和13-HpOTE,4种物质均在另外2种藻中检测到。龙须菜受机械损伤胁迫后,4种物质在短时间内得到积累,其中13-HpOTE响应迅速。研究表明,红藻中可能存在类似于植物的茉莉酸合成途径,并参与对损伤的胁迫响应。     

May the Force (Field) Be with You: On the Importance of Conformational Searches in the Prediction of NMR Chemical Shifts

NMR data prediction is increasingly important in structure elucidation. The impact of force field selection was assessed, along with geometry and energy cutoffs. Based on the conclusions, we propose a new approach named mix-J-DP4, which provides a remarkable increase in the confidence level of complex stereochemical assignments—100% in our molecular test set—with a very modest increment in computational cost.     

Preparation and Characterization of Tilapia Collagen-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite Nanofiber Membranes

Marine collagen is an ideal material for tissue engineering due to its excellent biological properties. However, the limited mechanical properties and poor stability of marine collagen limit its application in tissue engineering. Here, collagen was extracted from the skin of tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Collagen-thermoplastic polyurethane (Col-TPU) fibrous membranes were prepared using tilapia collagen as a foundational material, and their physicochemical and biocompatibility were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that thermoplastic polyurethane was successfully combined with collagen, and the triple helix structure of collagen was retained. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results showed relatively good compatibility between collagen and TPU.SEM results showed that the average diameter of the composite nanofiber membrane decreased with increasing thermoplastic polyurethane proportion. The mechanical evaluation and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability and tensile properties of Col-TPU fibrous membranes were significantly improved with increasing TPU. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed that fibrous membranes with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane content showed no significant toxicity to fibroblasts; Col-TPU fibrous membranes were conducive to the migration and adhesion of cells. Thus, these Col-TPU composite nanofiber membranes might be used as a potential biomaterial in tissue regeneration.     

Identification of divergent variants of Grapevine virus A

Eight isolates of Grapevine virus A (GVA), which induced different symptoms in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, were recovered from various grapevines. The dsRNA patterns of two isolates, which consistently induced mild vein clearing (referred here as mild isolates of GVA) were similar, but different from those of other isolates of GVA. Analysis based on overall nucleotide (nt) sequence identity in the 3 terminal part of the GVA genome, comprising part of ORF3 (putative movement protein, MP), entire ORF4 (capsid protein, CP), entire ORF5 and part of 3 UTR, revealed that GVA isolates separate into three groups (I, II, III), sharing 91.0–99.8% nt sequence identity within groups and 78.0–89.3% nt sequence identity between groups. Mild isolates of the virus were group III and shared only 78.0–79.6% nt sequence identity with the other isolates. The comparison of predicted amino acid sequences for MP and CP revealed many amino acid alterations, revealing distinct local net charges of these proteins for mild isolates of the virus. Based on both conserved and divergent nt regions in the CP and ORF5, oligonucleotide primers were designed for the simultaneous RT-PCR detection of all GVA isolates and for the specific detection of the most divergent virus variants represented here by mild isolates of the virus.     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

不同木质纤维原料对PVC木塑复合材料力学性能的影响

选取6种不同木质纤维制备PVC木塑复合材料,分析木质纤维的基本形态参数及表面接触角,对比研究不同木质纤维制备木塑复合材料的综合力学性能。结果表明：木质纤维长度、长径比及接触角值均较高的材种较适合制备木塑复合材料;在6种不同木质纤维中,纤维长度、长径比和接触角分别为266mm、6535和9032°的杉木制备的木塑复合材料综合力学性能最佳,弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度和抗冲击强度分别可达4563、3247、2914MPa和641kJ/m2。     

扑翼飞行器低频大行程组合伞式推进装置设计与试验

传统仿生扑翼飞行器需要在较高的扑动频率下才能获得足够的扑动升力,直接限制其向大型化发展。为解决这一问题,该文基于仿生学原理提出了一种低频大行程组合伞式推进技术,设计了推进装置结构并进行了悬停状态下的试验样机性能测试。结果表明:组合伞式推进装置通过一组扑翼在较低频率下进行同步相反方向的往复运动能够产生有效的推进力;当伞式扑翼向上运动时可以大幅减小其产生的负升力,增大伞翼展长和运动速度,其产生的空气动力均随之增大。与传统柔性扑翼相比,组合伞式扑翼具有较好的推进性能,其推进力与输入功率的比值在0.01～0.04 N/W,高于传统柔性扑翼的测试结果(-0.02～0.01 N/W)。该研究为仿生扑翼向大型化应用提供了参考。     

水性环氧树脂浸渍改性对2种速生材性能的影响

以水性环氧树脂为改性剂,采用真空加压浸渍的方法改性速生杨木、松木,并探究其在物理、力学及表面性能等方面的改性效果。结果表明：水性环氧树脂可浸渍到木材内部,填充木材的管孔和细胞间隙,且在木材内部实现交联固化;浸渍处理杨木和松木的增重率分别为49.11%和30.52%,吸水率分别降低了49.60%和39.43%,提高了速生材的尺寸稳定性;杨木的抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度和顺纹抗压强度分别提高了22.10%、70.55%和48.71%,松木分别增加24.91%、48.19%和25.33%,较好的提高了速生材的机械性能;浸渍材的表面耐磨性提高,粗糙度降低,水接触角增大,光泽度降低,颜色饱和度更高。     

直注式秸秆捡拾粉碎深埋机设计与试验

为提升秸秆深埋质量,针对秸秆深埋过程中秸秆捡拾效果差、输送方式单一、输送效率低、深埋率低等问题,提出一种直注式秸秆深埋还田方法,设计了直注式秸秆捡拾粉碎深埋机,阐述了整机结构和工作原理。对关键部件进行了设计分析,设计了无护圈式捡拾装置,分析了捡拾装置各个运动阶段与弹齿的运动轨迹,确定了4个运动阶段所对应的相位角;设计了以运秸螺旋输送器和运秸叶片为主的机械输送装置、以抛秸风叶和运秸导管为主的气力输送装置。对秸秆输送量进行分析,明确了运秸螺旋输送器结构参数,得出了运秸螺旋输送器最低转速;对运秸叶片和抛秸风叶进行了动力学分析,确定了运秸叶片和抛秸风叶结构,明晰了影响秸秆输送效果的关键因素为机具前进速度、运秸螺旋输送器转速、抛秸风叶转速、运秸叶片倾角和抛秸风叶倾角,并确定了影响因素范围。仿真试验结果表明,机具前进速度和运秸螺旋输送器转速存在交互作用,最佳作业参数：机具前进速度为3km/h、运秸螺旋输送器转速为1200r/min和抛秸风叶转速为1600r/min。田间试验结果表明,平均秸秆捡拾率和平均深埋率分别为91.02%,90.03%;运秸导管出口处风速和作业扭矩分别为1.78～26.83m/s、61.55～214.78N·m,各工作部件运行稳定,满足秸秆深埋还田作业要求,为秸秆深埋还田机研发和改进提供了依据。