Some Comments on Gerechte Designs

In a companion paper we derived the correct analysis for gerechte designs with uncorrected errors. Here we show that this correct analysis cannot be justified by the usual randomization argument. However, when the regions are rectangular there is a randomization procedure which validates an analysis with three separate error terms. We also outline other developments in design and analysis that may be more satisfactory.     

Optimization of Curve Fitting Used in Development of Magic Formula Tire Model

Characteristics of a tire are the foundation of vehicle dynamics studying, especially play a vital role in vehicle handling study. It is necessary to establish a tire model in the simulation for vehicle handling because the tire characteristics got by test can not be satisfied.The optimization of fitting to the tire test data curves by Magic Formula is discussed, included the digitalization of tire test data curves, designing objective functions and optimization processes,etc. Finally the parameters in Magic Formula tire model are obtained and they lay a foundation for the development of vehicle handling aftertime.     

A SUFFICIENT CONDITION OF TWOFOLD MAGIC SQUARE

This paper uses n nature numbers from 1 to n to form a numerical table of twofold maoic square' s necessary condition. It also proves that x>n(n-1) and the numerical table is the sufficient condition of the basic solution.     

基于径向基神经网络的叶轮轴面投影图优化

为了提高余热排出泵的效率,采用拉丁超立方试验设计方法对叶轮轴面投影图上的前盖板圆弧半径、后盖板圆弧半径、前盖板倾角和后盖板倾角4个几何变量进行35组叶轮方案设计,应用ANSYS CFX 14.5软件对余热排出泵进行定常数值模拟,得到设计工况下的效率,应用径向基神经网络建立效率与轴面投影图的4个几何变量之间的近似模型,最后采用遗传算法对近似模型进行极值寻优,获得最优的轴面投影图几何参数组合。研究结果表明:对比原始泵的数值模拟性能曲线和试验外特性能曲线,两者吻合较好;径向基神经网络能较好地预测泵设计点效率;优化的轴面投影图使得余热排出泵的水力效率提高了6.18个百分点,改善了叶轮内流场特性。因此,叶轮轴面投影图的优化设计方法是可行的。     

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区主要竹种资源与利用

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区是世界主要的竹资源分布区,以瓜多竹为代表的560多竹种资源占全球竹种的33%,其中巴西、哥伦比亚、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔、墨西哥等国竹林面积和竹种数量位居该地区前列。与亚洲相比,拉丁美洲和加勒比地区现代竹产业发展起步较晚,规模和效益有限。面向未来,该区竹资源主要分布国家的政府正在制定和实施相关政策和战略,助力竹区发展经济、缓解贫困和保护环境。     

Reverse leasing and power dynamics among blue agave farmers in western Mexico

We examine changing production relations in the Mexican tequila industry to explore the ways in which large industrial firms are using “reverse leasing arrangements,” a form of contract farming, to extend their control over small agave farmers. Under these arrangements, smallholders rent their parcels to contracting companies who bring in capital, machinery, labor, and other agricultural inputs. Smallholders do not have access to their land, nor do they make any of the management decisions. We analyze the factors that have led some producers to participate in reverse leasing arrangements, while allowing other producers to continue farming independently. In addition, we look at the ways in which farmers are responding to these new production relations and constraints and the strategies that they are using to regain control over the production process.

Traditional Mexican Agricultural Systems and the Potential Impacts of Transgenic Varieties on Maize Diversity

The discovery of transgenes in maize landraces in Mexico, a center of diversity for this crop, raises questions about the potential impact of transgene diffusion on maize diversity. The concept of diversity and farmers’ role in maintaining diversity is quite complex. Farmers’ behavior is expected to have a significant influence on causing transgenes to diffuse, to be expressed differently, and to accumulate within landraces. Farmers’ or consumers’ perceptions that transgenes are “contaminants” and that landraces containing transgenes are “contaminated” could cause these landraces to be rejected and trigger a direct loss of diversity. Mauricio R. Bellon is a human ecologist working in the Economics Program of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Texcoco, Mexico. He received his MSc and PhD in ecology at the University of California, Davis. His current research includes projects that deal with on-farm conservation of maize, gene flow in traditional farming systems, and the impact of improved germplasm in the livelihoods of poor farmers. Julien Berthaud is a population geneticist working for the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). He received his PhD in plant science at the University of Paris 11. His current research includes projects related with the dynamics of genetic diversity, especially in traditional maize farming systems.     

发枝素对国光苹果萌芽发枝效果的研究

萌芽力和成枝力低是国光苹果始果晚的限制因素,目前常规的农业技术措施尚不能解决这一问题。本研究在河北固安、霸县两地8年生同龄苹果园中同时进行,用拉丁方等田间设计方法,安排了3个因素(时期、部位、芽数)、9个水平的发枝素处理试验。1987年6月初对处理的162株树、11340个芽所得的实测数据,用数量化理论Ⅰ分析得出:(1)发枝素的使用对1年生枝的萌芽力和成枝力有显著效果。(2)萌芽前后不同时期应用发枝素有同等效果。(3)不同涂抹芽量在所用数量范围内不影响萌芽力。(4)在枝条的下部涂抹萌发效果最好。这些结果对萌芽力和成枝力差的国光等品种具有重要的实践意义。     

DETERMINATION OF T1 RELAXATION TIME OF NORMAL EQUINE TENDONS USING MAGIC ANGLE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Seven isolated equine front limbs were used to establish the normal T1 relaxation time of equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and suspensory ligament (SL) using magic angle magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR imaging of the metacarpi was performed with the limbs positioned at 55° (the magic angle) relative to the main magnetic field. Transverse spin‐echo proton density and inversion recovery images were acquired. T1 relaxation time was calculated based on ratios of signal intensity determined from the different pulse sequences. T1 relaxation times for SDFT, DDFT, and SL were 288 (±17), 244 (±14), and 349 (±16) ms, respectively. The difference in T1 values between SDFT, DDFT, and SL was statistically significant. T1 values of equine tendons can be determined with magic angle imaging on a clinical MR system using <10 min total scan time. The knowledge of the normal range of T1 values may be useful to identify horses with chronic tendinopathy, where based on the human literature, an increased T1 value may be expected.