多目标桐粮间作经营决策系统的研究

该系统在微机的支持下以不同的立地条件及不同经营措施的生长指标划分了四种泡桐生长模型,以此作为“事件”,再分别以间种不同密度级的泡桐作为“对策”,结合年龄的制约条件,对要求泡桐蓄积年平均生长量最大、林业经济收入最多、农业经济收入最多或总经济收入最多为四个经营目标。用人机对话形式输入以上要求,系统便自动运算,求出所要求的经济效果数值,也可显示决策后的具体指标,如胸径、树高、单株材积、立木蓄积、枝叶生物量及各种经济收入数值,以检验决策正确性。     

根际分隔对玉米/豌豆间作种间竞争及豌豆结瘤固氮的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了玉米/豌豆间作条件下,两种施氮水平(0、0.15 g·kg~(-1))及三种分隔方式(不分隔、塑料膜分隔、尼龙网分隔)对玉米、豌豆生长及豌豆结瘤固氮的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,玉米/豌豆间作后对玉米的生长和养分的吸收有显著的促进作用,在整个生育期,玉米生物量的增加量随着豌豆生育期的推进而增加,豌豆苗期、豌豆结荚初期、豌豆收获期玉米的生物量在不施氮肥条件下分别增加:28.5%、32.8%、48.7%;在施氮0.15 g·kg~(-1)时分别增加-8.6%、8.1%、63.2%。在玉米豌豆间作体系中三种分隔方式玉米生物量的大小顺序为:间作不分隔间作尼龙网隔间作塑料膜分隔单作;在不施氮肥时,间作后豌豆苗期生物量与单作相比增加显著,增加幅度达35.8%;随着玉米生育期的推进,间作豌豆的生物量增加幅度随着降低,到豌豆收获期与单作豌豆相比差异不显著。收获时三种分隔方式豌豆生物量的大小顺序为:间作塑料膜分隔间作不分隔间作尼龙网隔单作;在施氮肥时,随着玉米的生长间作豌豆与单作豌豆相比显著减产,收获时三种分隔方式对豌豆生物量的大小顺序为:间作尼龙网隔间作塑料膜分隔单作间作不分隔。与单作相比,间作提高了豌豆的结瘤数;间作不分隔、间作尼龙网隔、间作塑料膜分隔条件下,碗豆的结瘤数分别增加120%、82.5%、22.5%。     

河南省麦套花生高产育种途径探讨

分析了１９９２－１９９８年参加河南省麦套花生区试的２０个品种（系）中属产品的性状间的相关性，并以各性养育地产量进行通径分析，提出了河南省麦套花生高产育种途径应以提高单株饱果，百果（仁）重和出米率为主，同时兼顾抗逆性和品质。     

金沙江干热河谷不同栽培模式下桑树年片叶量与树势间的相关分析

分析了植物篱桑和地埂桑的年片叶量（Y）、桑树的有效条数（NB）、平均有效条长（LB）、条粗（DB）、平均每m条着叶数（NL）等数据，研究了年片叶量与其它各因子之间的相关关系。结果表明，植物篱桑的年片叶量与平均有效条长和条粗极显著相关；地埂桑的Y与有效条长、条粗极显著相关，与每m条着叶数显著相关；将两种种植模式下的桑树作为一个整体，则Y与NB、LB、DB、NL等因子相关极显著。建立了植物篱桑、地埂桑和整体的Y与显著相关DB、NL等因子相关极显著。建立了植物篱桑、地埂桑和整体的Y与显著相关因子之间的最优数学回归模型。文章同时指出，植物篱桑和地埂桑的树势间存在的极显著差异导致了桑叶产量之间的差异，对产生这些差异的原因也作了讨论。     

Biomass production of trees and grasses in a silvopasture system on marginal lands of Doon Valley of north-west India. 1. Performance of tree species

Bouldery riverbed lands occupy about one-third of the geographical area in Doon Valley of north-west India. These marginal lands need rehabilitation through establishment of silvopasture system for meeting the biomass requirements of resource-poor farmers. A study was carried out for 14 years (1980 to 1993) at Dehradun, involving four multi-purpose tree species viz. Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth., Grewia optiva Drumm., Bauhinia purpurea L. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit.; and two grass species viz. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. and Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb. Fifty and 75% of the tree crown was lopped once a year after four years of age. Tree survival decreased with age, and was highest with L. leucocephala (86.9% in 1993 of initial density of 625 trees ha⁻¹) and lowest with B. purpurea (49.3%). Canopy parameters of trees progressed differently, presumably due to their varying growth habits. The trees of A. lebbek were taller with more crown spread, whereas G. optiva had more crown height with lesser crown spread. Stem diameter growth of A. lebbek was highest followed by B. purpurea. Lopping intensity did not affect tree survival and also canopy growth in most years, but collar diameter and diameter at breast height (dbh) decreased significantly at the higher intensity of lopping. Intercropped grass species E. binata caused a greater adverse effect on the tree survival and growth parameters than C. fulvus. The biomass production (leaf and branch wood weight of lopped material) was highest at eight years of age in 1987 but showed no definite trend over the study period. Bauhinia purpurea produced the highest biomass and L. leucocephala the lowest, despite opposite trends in their survival. The performance of A. lebbek was on par with B. purpurea in the later years (1990--1993), but G. optiva was inferior despite its superiority in the early years (1984--1985). The effects of lopping intensity were not appreciable, but intercropping with E. binata decreased leaf and branch wood production significantly compared with C. fulvus throughout. However, the adverse effect was comparatively less pronounced on B. purpurea and A. lebbek than on G. optiva and L. leucocephala. The fibre yield of G. optiva also decreased due to intercropped E. binata compared with C. fulvus. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

简化整枝和种植密度对蒜套棉烂铃及产量的影响

为减少蒜套棉烂铃的发生,达到优质高产高效的目的,研究了整枝方式与种植密度对棉花烂铃及产量的影响。结果表明,简化整枝和降低密度都能有效改善棉花烂铃状况,简化整枝/密度33 000株·hm-2较正常整枝/密度45 000株·hm-2烂铃率降低11.01个百分点,该组合皮棉单产最高为2 035 kg·hm-2,较正常整枝/密度27 000株·hm-2增产14.6%。     

水肥耦合对间作胡麻氮素养分及其产量和品质的影响

为了摸清目前胡麻生产现状下间作系统、水分和肥料对作物生长发育及其产量形成的综合效应,通过田间试验,研究了水肥互作对胡麻/大豆间作系统中胡麻氮素的耦合效应及其对籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)处理下胡麻茎秆含氮量较施氮75 kg·hm~(-2)和225 kg·hm~(-2)处理极显著高出10.05%~23.58%。水氮互作条件下,施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)、灌水2次或3次能够促进胡麻苗期、分茎期、青果期和成熟期根系和茎秆含氮量,且该处理根系含氮量较施氮75 kg·hm~(-2)、现蕾期灌一次水处理极显著高4.13%。水、氮单因素及水氮互作对胡麻根、茎、叶片、籽粒中氮素的耦合效应表现为:水氮互作氮水。水氮互作条件下胡麻根、茎、果皮含氮量与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关关系。亚麻酸含量为施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)、灌水2次较施氮75 kg·hm~(-2)灌水1次处理显著高9.22%。间作胡麻现蕾期和盛花期结合施氮150 kg·hm~(-2)各灌一次水或现蕾期、盛花期和青果期各灌一次水是沿黄灌区胡麻生产比较适宜的水肥管理措施。     

施氮水平对间作蚕豆锰营养及叶赤斑病发生的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了蚕豆/小麦间作条件下4 种施氮水平（N 0、45、90、135 kg/hm2）对蚕豆锰营养和叶赤斑病的影响。结果表明: 在4种施氮水平下,间作蚕豆与单作相比,蚕豆产量、根际土壤交换锰含量及分枝期蚕豆叶中锰浓度均有显著增加,其中产量提高 49.16%～87.77%,根际土壤交换锰含量提高16.27%～35.25%,分枝期蚕豆叶中锰浓度分别提高 4.98%～27.75%。间作条件下,施氮也能显著提高蚕豆产量、开花期蚕豆根际土壤交换锰含量和分枝期、成熟期蚕豆叶中锰的浓度,其中施氮 90 kg/hm2 时最佳。在发病盛期,间作蚕豆叶赤斑病发病率和病情指数分别比单作降低了15.75%和1.5%,而且与蚕豆叶中锰浓度均有极显著的负相关性,相关系数分别为 -0.9399 和 -0.8751; 同时高氮（N 135 kg/hm2）和常规施氮（N 90 kg/hm2）处理蚕豆叶发病率和病情指数均高于低氮（N 45 kg/hm2）和不施氮（N 0 kg/hm2）处理。     

施磷对西北沿黄灌耕灰钙土玉米/鹰嘴豆间作产量及种间相互作用的影响

本试验在西北沿黄有效磷含量较低的灌耕灰钙土上研究了田间施磷水平对单作和间作玉米、鹰嘴豆的根际酸性磷酸酶活性、产量和土地资源利用效率的影响。结果表明,在不施磷(P0)和施磷量为40kg·hm-2(P40)时,玉米/鹰嘴豆间作系统的生物学产量或经济产量的土地当量比(LER)均小于1,间作系统未表现出土地资源利用的优势,主要原因是鹰嘴豆产量降低;当施磷量为80kg·hm-2(P80)时,LER1,间作系统表现出土地资源利用优势。P0、P40和P80处理间作玉米产量分别比相应单作增产3%、12%和19%;间作鹰嘴豆产量P0和P40处理显著低于单作。从玉米出苗到鹰嘴豆收获的间作作物共生期内,间作玉米相对于鹰嘴豆具有较强的水分和养分等资源的竞争力(Amc0),从鹰嘴豆生长动态曲线可以看出,P0、P40处理这种竞争在共生期明显,P80处理竞争不明显。各施磷水平下,间作玉米的收获指数高于单作,而间作鹰嘴豆的收获指数低于单作。鹰嘴豆通过分泌酸性磷酸酶促进玉米对有机磷利用的种间互惠作用未体现,两次取样中,不施磷时,间作鹰嘴豆根际土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性低于单作。基于本研究,西北沿黄灌耕灰钙土施磷量为0和40kg·hm-2时,玉米/鹰嘴豆间作系统无明显的间作优势,磷肥量为80kg·hm-2时表现出较为明显的间作优势。     

Photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat under limited supplemental irrigation in the semiarid northwestern China

A field experiment was conducted for intercropped winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） in 2002/2003 to evaluate the effects of limited supplemental irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped winter wheat in semiarid environment. The result indicated that significances occurred in grain yield between the intercropped wheat treatments and sole wheat control （CKW）, and in yield between the irrigated intercropped wheat plots （WC2W, WC3W, WC5W） and not irrigated （WC1W） except for WC4W plots with nearly the same yield as WC1W. In comparison with CKW, 11.8%, 18.5%, 23.6%, 11.5%, and 30.7% of yield increase in the intercropped wheat plots were obtained in WCIW, WC2W, WC3W, WC4W, and WC5W respectively. Compared to the intercropped wheat plots without irrigation, yields in WC2W, WC3W, and WC5W were improved by 5.9%, 10.5%, and 16.9%, respectively. The dynamics of CGR and NAR in both intercropped （WC1W-WC5W） and solely cropped wheat （CKW） showed a type of ＂single peak＂ curves, with both the maximum CGR and NAR occurred during jointing to heading （14/4-6/5） of wheat. In addition, soil water potential （SWP） fluctuated as a function of the precipitation and limited supplemental irrigation.