降解稻草纤维素真菌的初步研究

从自然腐烂的稻草秸秆中分离筛选出126霉菌菌株,并从中筛选出10株降解稻草秸秆能力较好的菌株。其中以A242,A251降解秸秆纤维素能力较强;A321,B311降解秸秆半纤维素能力较强。A242,B311菌株的稻草粉发酵降解液中还原糖质量分数分别达到94.104 4,90.627 4 mg/g稻草粉;A321,B321菌株的稻草粉发酵降解液中木糖质量分数分别达到11.821 0,12.121 9 mg/g稻草粉。可综合其各自发酵的优势,将其作为初始菌株进行进一步的优化。     

Natural abundance of 18O of sugar biomarkers in topsoils along a climate transect over the Central Scandinavian Mountains,Norway

Precipitation and topsoil samples from a climate transect over the Scandinavian Mountains, Norway, were analyzed for bulk and compound‐specific δ¹⁸O values. The natural abundance of ¹⁸O in the plant‐derived hemicellulose biomarkers arabinose and xylose correlates positively with δ¹⁸O of bulk soil, but not with δ¹⁸O of precipitation. This suggests that other factors than δ¹⁸O_prec, such as evaporative ¹⁸O enrichment of leaf water, exert a strong influence on the natural abundance of ¹⁸O in soils.     

超声波辅助碱法提取酒糟中纤维素和半纤维素

为了获取酒糟中优质的纤维素和半纤维素组分,采用超声波辅助碱提法进行同步提取。以酒糟为原料,以纤维素得率和半纤维素得率为指标,研究KOH溶液质量分数、浸提温度和超声波时间等因素对纤维素和半纤维素提取效果的影响,通过正交试验优化了提取条件。结果表明,在KOH溶液质量分数为7.5%,浸提温度为55℃,超声波时间为10 min条件下,酒糟中纤维素和半纤维素得率分别为38.72%和26.34%,说明采用超声波辅助碱法分离纤维素和半纤维素的工艺是可行的。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,该工艺所提取的纤维素和半纤维素组分为预期产物,符合其结构特征。     

黄麻纤维的形态结构及组分研究现状

对黄麻纤维的形态、微观结构和化学成分的研究现状进行了综述，介绍了黄麻工艺纤维中木质素和半纤维素对工艺纤维力学性质作用机理的猜测以及细胞间质成分的争论。并讨论了黄麻工艺纤维加工中的主要影响因素之一——细胞间质成分，及其他尚未解决的问题。     

Chemical characterization of Pinus halepensis sapwood and heartwood

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the chemical composition of sapwood (SW) and heartwood (HW) of Pinus halepensis Mill stem. Extractives were first isolated by accelerated solvent extraction and then analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cellulosic polysaccharide content present in the pre-extracted wood samples was determined with acid hydrolysis and GC. The hemicelluloses content was determined with acid methanolysis and GC. Free monomers were additionally analysed by GC. The amount of lignin was determined gravimetrically by the Klason lignin method and the acid-soluble lignin was determined by a UV method. Formic and acetic acids in wood were determined after alkaline hydrolysis and analysed by HP-SEC. It was found that lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives were more abundant in heartwood (1.6% and 2.5%) than in sapwood (1.1% and 1.8%). Celluloses content was higher in sapwood (42.5%) than in heartwood (39.7%), whereas lignin, hemicelluloses and sugar monomer contents were more abundant in heartwood (28.9%, 26.8% and 0.3%) than in sapwood (28.0%, 24.5% and 0.2%). The variation in acetic and formic acids and ash contents between sapwood (0.7%, 0.2% and 0.5%) and heartwood (0.6%, 0.1% and 0.4%) was small. The acetylation degrees were found to be slightly similar in sapwood (0.4) and heartwood (0.3).     

超声波辅助碱分离毛竹半纤维素

该文以高效分离毛竹半纤维素为出发点,采用超声辅助碱分离法分离毛竹半纤维素。在固定固液比1∶20g/mL、总浸提时间120min的条件下,分析了KOH溶液质量分数,浸提温度及超声时间对毛竹半纤维素得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计和通过响应面分析对分离工艺进行了优化。结果表明,超声辅助碱分离毛竹半纤维素的最佳分离工艺参数为KOH溶液质量分数3.1%、浸提温度54℃、超声时间56min,此时半纤维素实际总得率为19.28%。浸提温度和KOH溶液质量分数对半纤维素总得率影响显著,超声波作用时间对总得率影响不显著。在相同条件下超声辅助碱分离时半纤维素提取率比无超声辅助时提高4.06%。结果可为毛竹半纤维素分离的工业化提供参考。     

Chemical changes of wood during steaming measured by IR spectroscopy

Black locust, poplar and spruce samples were steamed at 80°C and 120°C for 48 hours. IR difference spectra and the CIE Lab colour coordinates were measured for determining the chemical changes caused by the steaming. Steaming at 80°C caused only small changes in both IR spectra and colour. But steaming at 120°C produced intensive colour change and well-visible changes in IR spectra. The guaiacyl lignin in hardwoods underwent slight degradation but in spruce suffered substantial degradation during steaming at 120°C. The syringyl lignin absorbing around 1600 cm^?1 did not show any changes, indicating that it is more stable to steaming than guaiacyl lignin. The absorption decrease at 1175 cm^?1 indicated the cleavage of ether linkage in cellulose and hemicelluloses at both steaming temperatures.     

多功能半纤维素酶的构建及其酶解应用分析

以前期构建的来源于嗜热厌氧乙醇菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus JW200)的双活性阿拉伯/木糖苷酶(XarB)和来源于疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus DSM 5826)木聚糖酶A(XynA)融合酶为基础,在融合酶的两个催化结构域间插入多肽Linker,并通过优化Linker组成和长度避免催化结构域互相之间的干扰,以增强融合酶的催化效率。通过酶解燕麦木聚糖和麦麸试验发现,带有多肽Linker的融合酶催化效率得到了提高。     

碱浓度和温度对玉米秸秆木聚糖提取率和品质的影响

由于提取率和产品品质等方面的原因,作为玉米秸秆主要成分之一的木聚糖还未能得到充分有效的利用。为改善玉米秸秆木聚糖的提取率和品质,对影响木聚糖提取的碱浓度和温度2个关键因素进行了研究。使用组分分析和凝胶渗透色谱等手段对木聚糖得率、纯度和结构进行了研究,同时分离得到纤维素和醇溶木质素。结果表明,Na OH浓度对木聚糖得率和结构的影响比温度显著,较优提取条件为:Na OH浓度为10%(w/v),提取温度90℃,此条件下木聚糖的溶出率和回收率分别为86.37%和76.92%,木聚糖纯度为63.90%。凝胶渗透色谱结果显示,碱浓度的增加使木聚糖的分子量降低,而随温度的升高则呈先升后降的趋势。此外,提取剩余物中纤维素的含量随碱浓度和温度强度的增加而增加。研究证明组合适当的碱浓度和提取温度可以在保证品质的前提下得到较高的木聚糖提取率。     

微波预处理对玉米秸秆的组分提取及糖化的影响

为了分离得到玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,改善纤维素的酶水解可及性,对玉米秸秆进行了二步微波预处理法研究.考察了秸秆粒径、液固比、碱及甘油用量、微波功率与处理时间对半纤维素和木质素得率的影响;探讨了预处理后秸秆的酶水解性能.得到的优化预处理条件为:玉米秸秆粒径40～80目;微波-碱预处理功率116.7 W/g、时间10 min、液固比20 mL/g、碱用量150％(质量分数);微波-甘油预处理功率66.7 W/g、处理时间30 min、液固比20mL/g、甘油质量分数100％.试样结果表明:经微波预处理后每10 g玉米秸秆最终可得到2.48 g半纤维素、0.95 g木质素,3.55 g还原糖;二步微波预处理不仅能够提取出玉米秸秆中的半纤维素、木质素,而且提高了纤维素水解的酶可及性,实现了组分的分离.