棉花蔗糖合成酶基因家族在纤维发育期时空表达模式分析

蔗糖合成酶(Sucrose Synthase)是调控植物糖类代谢的关键酶之一,在植物生长发育及渗透调节过程中起着重要的作用。该酶为多基因家族,各成员在植物不同组织及不同发育阶段发挥不同的作用。陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)中有15个Sus成员,本研究利用转录组高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,检测了该基因家族的表达模式。结果表明,Gh Sus1D、Gh Sus3A、Gh Sus3D和Gh Sus6D在起始期(0~3 DPA)大量表达;GhSus7D在10 DPA的纤维中表达量快速增加,达到同期突变体胚珠的4.7倍;Gh Sus1A、Gh Sus5D在纤维伸长期(5~15 DPA)表达量显著高于胚珠,分别在10 DPA、15 DPA时达到峰值;Gh Sus3A、Gh Sus3D、和Gh Sus6D在纤维发育(15 DPA)时表达量重新上升,且在20 DPA时仍处于较高表达水平。Sus基因家族组织表达模式分析表明,它们在陆地棉品种徐州142野生型和突变体中的组织表达模式基本相同,根、茎、叶、花中没有显著差异。但不同Sus基因具有不同的组织表达特异性。     

一种提高陆地棉再生植株率的新方法

以陆地棉中棉１９号再生植株的真叶、茎段、叶柄为外植体，采用改良ＭＳ培养基，添加２．４Ｄ、ＩＡＡ和ＫＴ。培养结果表明：胚性愈伤组织发生多，并高频产生子叶胚，再生植株率为２５％。无菌苗除下胚轴外的各器官均未能诱导出胚性愈伤组织。２．４Ｄ加速再生植株叶片快速出愈，以ＩＡＡ替代２．４Ｄ明显提高出愈率和愈伤组织的质量。再生植株真叶再培养的胚状体发生有直接发生和间接发生两种途径。用再生植株的真叶再培养是获得高频再生植株的一种有效方法。     

Impact of the use of biofertilizers on cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) crop under irrigated agro-ecosystem

High nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing, phytohormones producing isolates of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter and Pseudomonas were used as inoculants for cotton. Important cultures were selected on the basis of their effect on root/shoot length and chemotactic behaviour. Selected bioinoculants were earlier tested for their beneficial properties like nitrogen fixation (ARA), ammonia excretion, IAA production etc. These bio-inoculants were further tested for phosphate solubilization property. Various chosen strains were tested with Desi (HD 123) and American (H 1098) cotton under field conditions (as for wheat). Plant height and boll weight were determined at the time of harvesting whereas survival rate of inoculated bacteria was determined after 30, 80 and 130 days respectively. In the year 2000–01, on the basis of boll number and boll weight plant^?1 AVK 51 (36; 76.2?g plant^?1), HT 57 (27; 56.9?g plant^?1), AC18 (33; 61.5?g plant^?1), Ala 27 (36; 61.4?g plant^?1) and Pseudomonas (34; 71.3?g plant^?1) were identified as significant both for American and desi cotton varieties. Highest survival rate was observed with Mac 68 (33.4 × 10⁵) followed by HT54 (31.5 × 10⁵) after 30 days of sowing, which decreased after 80 days and remained constant up to 130 days. This trend was observed with all the cultures. Similar results were observed in 2001–02. 25?kg ha^?1 N saving was observed with A. chroococcum (AVK51) bioinoculant for cotton crop.     

对瑟伯氏棉和武安中棉的利用研究

１９７９～１９９５年期间，用瑟伯氏棉（Ｇ．ｔｈｕｒｂｅｒｉＴｏｄ）．武安中棉（Ｇ．ａｒｂｏｒｅｕｍＬ）与陆地棉栽培种进行种间杂文和复文，从其后代材料中，选育出６个丰产、优质、抗病新品系和５类３６份具有不同优良特性的新种质材料。（１）在分（４４．０％～４７．２％）种质。（２）纤维（３３．８０～４０．１０ｍｍ）种质。（３）纤维（强力４．５０～７．４６ｇ，细度６０１０～７７８０ｍ·ｇ￣（－１））种质。（４）纤维（主体长度２９．６６～４０．１０ｍｍ，红度５８２０～６２９０ｍ·ｇ￣（－１），强力４．００～５．３１ｍ·ｇ￣（－１））种质，（５）枯萎病指０．２１％～９．８９％，黄萎病指９．８０％～１９．８３％种质。这些新品系及新种质丰富了棉花种质资源的遗传基础，是培育高产优质多抗棉花新品种的宝贵材料。     

海岛棉与澳洲棉、黄褐棉种间杂种F_1的细胞学研究

本文研究了四倍体栽培种海岛棉与二倍体野生种澳洲棉、四倍体野生种黄褐棉种间杂种Ｆ１的主要形态特征及Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的粱色体行为。结果，（海岛棉４１６×澳洲棉）Ｆ１有的性状趋向澳洲棉，如茎、叶的茸毛、花冠颜色、花的开放形式；有的象海岛棉，如叶形、叶色、花药和花粉之颜色；有的则为中间型，如苞叶形状、铃形等。（海岛棉７１２４×黄褐棉）Ｆ１趋向父本黄褐棉的性状有：腺体较多，茎秆、叶片暗绿色，有茸毛，叶片掌状。短日照性强；表现中间型的性状有：花瓣黄色，有红心。两个组合Ｆ１的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的配对构型分别为３１．４Ⅰ＋３．９０Ⅱ＋０．０２Ⅲ＋０．０２Ⅳ和０．２４Ⅰ＋２５．７１Ⅱ＋０．０９８ｔⅠ″＋０．０３９Ⅳ，这一结果表明，海岛棉与澳洲棉的亲缘关系较远，与黄褐棉的亲缘关系较近，但海岛棉与黄褐棉的染色体间已有所分化，可能存在染色体结构上的差异。     

含异常棉基因棉纤维品质及超分子结构遗传效应

通过对３个含有异常棉血缘的陆地棉高强纤维种质系和４个推广品种的纤维品质和纤维超分子结构分析表明，纤维比强度越高，纤维微原纤角越小，取向度越高，而与成熟纤维的结晶度关系不密切。４×３的不完全双列杂交分析表明，纤维品质和纤维超分子结构参数的基因型方差（除结晶度外）都达显著或极显著水平，对基因型方差进一步分解表明，母本的纤维比强度、长度、取向度和微原纤角的一般配合力均方达显著或极显著水平，其中泗棉３号的一般配合力最高。仅纤维比强度的特殊配合力均方达显著水平。纤维比强度以泗棉３号×７２３５为最高。Ｆ１与双亲均值的相关分析结果表明难以根据组合的中亲值来预测其杂交组合Ｆ１的表现。     

4倍体(亚×司)F_1×陆杂种后代花粉和胚囊发育研究

从获得４倍体（亚洲棉×司笃克氏棉）×陆地棉２（Ａ２Ｅ１）×２（ＡＤ）１杂交种子（ＡＤ）１Ａ２Ｅ１到ＢＣ３Ｆ１植株，历时了１０ａ时间。该组合涉及到３个亲本棉种之间的亲缘关系，特别是Ｅ１染色体组与Ａ２和（ＡＤ）１两组之间的亲缘关系较远，导致杂种低世代（Ｆ１和ＢＣ１Ｆ１）雌、雄高度不育。表现在花粉几乎全部败育，发育不正常的胚囊达９０％以上。直至ＢＣ３Ｆ１的群体中还有１０％的不育株。可育株的花中仍有约２５％不育花粉和３５％发育不正常的胚囊。此组合必须经过多次回交、自交及自然恢复过程（越冬），方能最后获得雌、雄育成恢复正常的后代。     

Heterosis for Yield and some Physiological Traits in Hybrid Cotton Cikangza 1

Summary The characterization of yield and yield components, chlorophyll, soluble sugars and N, P, K concentrations, and SOD, POD activities and MDA content was compared between F1 Bt hybrid cotton Cikangza 1 and its male (transgenic Bt gene bollworm resistant lines and female parents, and commercial hybrid Xiangzamian 2 under field condition. The result showed that the hybrid Cikangza 1 had distinct heterosis in lint yield as reflected by HOBP and HOMP values of 25.7% and 28.9%, and the heterosis of bolls per plant was significantly higher than that of boll weight and lint percentage. Significant HOBP, HOMH and HOCP in Chl a, Chl b and Chl (a+b) at SS and FFS were observed in Cikangza 1, suggesting that the higher Chl content at SS and FFS is important for achieving potential yield, and thereafter may aid in identification of parental lines and hybrid combination. The results also elucidated that the HOBP and HOMP of N, P and K concentrations, and SOD and POD activities were much smaller in comparison with those of Chl parameters. However, Cikangza 1 has higher soluble sugars content, and N and K concentrations at FFS and BOS, than that of commercial hybrid Xiangzamian 2, denoting that N and K nutrient might perform an important function in senescence, and more additional application of N and K fertilizer at late growth stages of hybrid may be beneficial to keep more nutrient for late growth stage and delay the senescence.     

陆地棉不同铃期和不同铃位单铃重杂种优势遗传研究

采用基因型与环境互作的加性－显性遗传模型分析了陆地棉（ＧｏｓｙｐｉｕｍｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍＬ．）１２个亲本及其１７个Ｆ１组合两年不同花铃期及不同铃位单铃子棉重的杂种优势。结果表明,８月１３日前各花铃期单铃重的平均优势在５．９％～１０．６％之间,其中８月７日单铃重平均优势达极显著水平,８月１３日后各花铃期单铃重正向优势很小,８月３１日甚至出现一定的负向优势。各果枝的第１果节位及下部果枝的各铃位单铃重平均优势不显著,其余各铃位单铃重平均优势均达显著水平。