Effects of Broomrape Parasitism on Sunflower Plants: Growth,Development, and Mineral Nutrition

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a parasitic plant that infects sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. In this work, sunflower plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with the substrate infested or non-infested with broomrape seeds. At different numbers of days after sowing, plant height, internode lengths, number of leaves, head diameter, mineral composition of leaves, and potassium (K) concentration in stem were measured. The negative effects of broomrape parasitism were assessed from 57 d after sowing, when broomrape started to emerge. Parasitized plants exhibited lower shoot dry weight, height, and head diameter than control plants. The reduction in internode lengths was associated with a decrease in the gradient of K concentration from basal to apical stem. The mineral composition of leaves was also affected in parasitized plants. The concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in leaves of parasitized plants were lower than those of the control plants, while there were few differences for K, phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The effects of parasitism are discussed in relation to their competition for resources and to perturbations of the host physiology such as hormonal and water balance.     

SUSTAINABLE NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BIOENERGY BIOMASS PRODUCTION

Commercial fertilizer (particularly nitrogen) costs account for a substantial portion of the total production costs of cellulosic biomass and can be a major obstacle to biofuel production. In a series of greenhouse studies, we evaluated the feasibility of co-applying Gibberellins (GA) and reduced nitrogen (N) rates to produce a bioenergy crop less expensively. In a preliminary study, we determined the minimum combined application rates of GA and N required for efficient biomass (sweet sorghum, Sorghum bicolor) production. Co-application of 75 kg ha^?1 (one-half of the recommended N rate for sorghum) and a modest GA rate of 3 g ha^?1 optimized dry matter yield (DMY) and N and phosphorus (P) uptake efficiencies, resulting in a reduction of N and P leaching. Organic nutrient sources such as manures and biosolids can be substituted for commercial N fertilizers (and incidentally supply P) to further reduce the cost of nutrient supply for biomass production. Based on the results of the preliminary study, we conducted a second greenhouse study using sweet sorghum as a test bioenergy crop. We co-applied organic sources of N (manure and biosolids) at 75 and 150 kg PAN ha^?1 (representing 50 and 100% N rate respectively) with 3 g GA ha^?1. In each batch of experiment, the crop was grown for 8 wk on Immokalee fine sand of minimal native fertility. After harvest, sufficient water was applied to soil in each pot to yield ～1.5 L (～0.75 pore volume) of leachate, and analyzed for total N and soluble reactive P (SRP). The reduced (50%) N application rate, together with GA, optimized biomass production. Application of GA at 3 g ha^?1, and the organic sources of N at 50% of the recommended N rate, decreased nutrient cost of producing the bioenergy biomass by ～$375 ha^?1 (>90% of total nutrient cost), and could reduce offsite N and P losses from vulnerable soils.     

Floral induction (FI) in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees. III: Effect of shading the trees on potassium chlorate induced FI and resulting hormonal changes in leaves and shoots

Previous experiments demonstrated that treatment of longan trees with potassium chlorate (KClO₃) induces “off season floral induction” (FI) even in the absence of the naturally required cool temperature [Manochai, P., Sruamsiri, P., Wiriya-alongkorn, W., Naphrom, D., Hegele, M., Bangerth, F., 2005. Year around off season flower induction in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees by KClO₃ applications: potentials and problems. Sci. Hortic. 104, 379–390]. Potassium chlorate, however, cannot replace the presence of functional mature leaves and sufficient light intensity. Here we examined in more detail the effect of shade (about 10% of natural sunlight) on KClO₃ affected hormone concentrations/transport of leaves and shoot apical buds (SAB) and their interactions with FI.     

Genetic variation of seedling traits responded to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors in maize (Zea mays) doubled haploid lines

The purpose of this study was to examine the genotypic variation in maize doubled haploid (DH) lines response to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors. Plant responses to hormone inhibitors were determined in growth chamber experiments using germination paper for three different seedling treatments: application of propiconazole (Pcz), uniconazole (Ucz) or water (control). Mesocotyl length (ML) was more sensitive to hormone inhibitors, especially to the Ucz treatment, than other seedling traits. ML was significantly correlated with other traits in the Ucz treatment. All the seedling traits showed moderate-to-high broad sense heritability values, ranging from 0.39 to 0.82. The Euclidian genetic distances of inbred line pairs ranged from 1.27 to 19.94, indicating there was a high level of variability across the maize DH lines used in this study. DH lines with extreme MLs were identified, which can provide valuable breeding resources for improving abiotic stress tolerance, and for further genetic studies.     

甘蓝型油菜发育进程中赤霉素动态变化及其与产量的关系

【目的】中国甘蓝型油菜品系与欧洲甘蓝型油菜品系存在较大的遗传差异,二者组配的杂种F1产量优势明显。测定不同来源的甘蓝型油菜发育进程中GA的动态变化,研究GA含量与亲本及杂种F1产量的关系,分析亲本及杂种后代GA合成途径关键酶基因的转录水平,为探明GA对甘蓝型油菜生长发育的影响及其在产量形成过程中的作用奠定基础。【方法】2020年11月至2021年5月,利用高效液相色谱法测定15个不同来源的中国甘蓝型油菜品系及15个欧洲甘蓝型油菜品系GA含量的动态变化;2021年11月至2022年5月,以杂种F1产量优势较强的YG2009×YC4、ZS11×YC4及其亲本YG2009、ZS11、YC4为材料,考察3个不同时期（D1:2022年1月15日;D2:2022年2月15日;D3:2022年3月15日）亲本及杂种F1的GA含量变化、生长指标（株高、根长和鲜重等）、产量及构成因子（单株角果数、角粒数和千粒重）和光合指标（光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度）,分析GA含量随温度变化的趋势,GA含量与亲本及杂种F1的农艺性状、光合特性和产量的关系,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析亲本及杂种F...     

Gibberellins as gametocides for the common onion (Allium cepa L.). III. GA4+7 and pollen viability

Summary The gametocidal effect of GA₄₊₇ in onion is strong in respect of pollen production but very weak or absent in respect of pollen viability. Large scale application of GA₄₊₇ for the production of onion hybrid seed is still impossible because of low seed yield and high costsof required chemicals. On a small scale, however. GA₄₊₇ can be used very well to emasculate breeding material.Because of switching over to the gibberellin terminology of plant physiologists, this title slightly deviates from that of the two previous articles.     

赤霉素和脱落酸对谷子黄化幼苗中胚轴伸长生长的调节

对冀谷１１号及矮秆突变体矮宁黄、ＣＨ８４１１３黄化幼苗中胚轴伸长生长的研究发现，０．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ左右的赤纱和脱落酸可显著促进谷子中胚轴的伸长，其中ＧＡ３的效应高于ＧＡ１的ＡＢＡ和ＧＡ之间有叠加效应，矮秆突变体对ＧＡ和ＡＢＡ的反应尤为敏感；Ｓ－３３０６７和高浓度的ＧＡ、ＡＢＡ抑制中胚轴的伸长，Ｓ－３３０７预处理使的效应延缓，并且使ＡＢＡ不再表现出促进效应。     

植物生理调节剂对四种蔬菜硝酸盐积累和产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了植物生理调节剂对4种叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐含量和产量的影响。结果表明,对于第一季蔬菜,2种土壤中减量施肥喷施3类植物生理调节剂与NPK处理比较,小白菜硝酸盐含量显著降低,而其产量略有下降,油麦菜硝酸盐含量略有下降,但其产量基本相同。对于第二季蔬菜(仅喷施调节剂),2种土壤中各处理萝卜菜硝酸盐含量和产量基本相同;长沙土壤中各处理空心菜硝酸盐含量和产量变化较小,而宁乡土壤中第一季施NPK处理的空心菜硝酸盐显著高于其他处理。除宁乡土壤油麦菜收获后NPK处理土壤硝酸盐含量显著高于减量施肥外,其他3种蔬菜收获后各施肥处理土壤硝酸盐含量差异较小。说明施用植物生理调节剂可减少化肥施用,降低叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐含量,同时可保持蔬菜产量。此外,蔬菜硝酸盐含量与蔬菜种类和土壤类型有关。     

脱落酸和2,4-表油菜素内酯对葡萄成熟过程中果实内源激素含量的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"和"烟73"为试材,研究了脱落酸(ABA)、2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)和BR生物合成抑制剂油菜素唑(Brz)处理对葡萄果实乙烯生成量、内源生长素(IAA)和赤酶素(GA3)含量的影响。结果表明:外源ABA和EBR处理促进了果实乙烯的释放,同时促进了果实着色,ABA和EBR处理后果实内源IAA和GA3含量略低于对照,但总体无显著差异。在不同浓度EBR处理中,以0.4mg/LEBR处理效果最显著。Brz处理抑制了乙烯的释放,推迟了果实着色,但对果实内源IAA和GA3含量没有显著影响。     

甜樱桃(Prunus avium)PaGAST基因的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

为获得甜樱桃PaGAST 基因的cDNA 序列,并预测该基因编码蛋白的结构与功能,以草莓FaGAST1 基因序列为探针,通过基于NCBI数据库中表达序列标签的电子克隆技术对甜樱桃PaGAST 基 因进行克隆。利用生物信息学方法对其编码蛋白的理化性质、疏水性和亲水性、信号肽序列、跨膜结构域、亚细胞定位及功能等方面进行分析。结果表明：甜樱桃PaGAST 基因长度为750 bp,开放阅读框长度为324 bp,编码107 个氨基酸,N末端存在信号肽序列,C末端含有保守的GASA结构域。由于PaGAST蛋白中含有的疏水性氨基酸残基较多,该蛋白具有跨膜螺旋区,是一种跨膜蛋白,且有10 个预测的蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。亚细胞定位分析表明,PaGAST蛋白分布在细胞膜外的可能性很大。功能预测显示,PaGAST 基因可能具有响应胁迫应答、信号转导和免疫应答方面的功能。进化分析显示甜樱桃PaGAST蛋白与桃的亲缘关系最近。在一定程度上为甜樱桃PaGAST 基因的克隆及功能鉴定奠定理论基础。