右江流域水生态补偿机制研究初探

为保护右江流域生态环境,协调郁江乃至珠江上下游各方经济利益,更好的激励上游地区生态环境保护行为,通过分析右江流域水生态现状、存在问题、现有生态补偿政策环境及其在郁江流域、珠江流域中的地位和作用,利用外部性理论,分析提出了右江流域水生态补偿模式。通过对标对表有关生态保护规划和区划成果,立足百色市实际,提出了右江流域水生态补偿内容、补偿主客体、补偿标准和补偿方式,初步构建右江流域水生态补偿机制框架,并提出有针对性的补偿政策建议,为水生态补偿实施提供了参考。     

EXTERNALITIES,INSTITUTIONS AND THE LOCATION CHOICES OF SHELLFISH PRODUCERS: THE CASE OF BLUE MUSSEL FARMING IN THE MONT-SAINT-MICHEL BAY (FRANCE)

ABSTRACT

Most marine aquaculture activities remain strongly dependent on coastal ecosystems. In the case of shellfish farming, this dependency is related mainly to water quality and to the various ecological interactions resulting from the dynamics of coastal food webs. Such ecological constraints have influenced the overall evolution of blue mussel farming in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, leading producers to negotiate collective arrangements regarding production capacity and techniques and to develop production strategies at the farm level. This article presents an analysis of the location choices of mussel farmers in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay based on an empirical investigation conducted in 2002. A typology of farms with respect to their land structure is developed in which some farms choose to concentrate their activity in a single part of the bay while others distribute their activity more widely. Determinants of the location choices of each farm category, including distance to port, natural productivity differentials, and predation of mussel stocks, are analyzed. The role of the institutional arrangements allowing mussel farmers to develop these location strategies is also discussed.     

Eco‐efficiency as a strategy for optimizing the sustainability of pest management

Agricultural industrialization and the subsequent reliance on pesticides has resulted in numerous unintended consequences, such as impacts upon the environment and by extension human health. Eco‐efficiency is a strategy for sustainably increasing production, while simultaneously decreasing these externalities on ecological systems. Eco‐efficiency is defined as the ratio of production to environmental impacts. It has been widely adopted to improve chemical production, but we investigate the challenges of applying eco‐efficiency to pesticide use. Eco‐efficiency strategies include technological innovation, investment in research and development, improvement of business processes, and accounting for market forces. These components are often part of integrated pest management (IPM) systems that include alternatives to pesticides, but its implementation is often thwarted by commercial realities and technical challenges. We propose the creation and adoption of an eco‐efficiency index for pesticide use so that the broad benefits of eco‐efficient strategies such as IPM can be more readily quantified. We propose an index based upon the ratio of crop yield to a risk quotient (RQ) calculated from pesticide toxicity. Eco‐efficiency is an operational basis for optimizing pest management for sustainability. It naturally favors adoption of IPM and should be considered by regulators, researchers, and practitioners involved in pest management. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

不列颠哥伦比亚黑鳕鱼养殖的潜在经济效益

主要研究不列颠哥伦比亚省黑鳕鱼养殖的潜在经济效益。不列颠哥伦比亚省一个黑鳕鱼苗种场已经开始以黑鳕鱼海水网箱养殖为目的苗种培育,这个唯一的黑鳕鱼苗种场培育出的鱼苗将有效地支持该地区目前的黑鳕鱼养殖。该地区黑鳕鱼养殖区纯收益受2个关键问题影响:一是如果全球参与黑鳕鱼养殖;二是如果不列颠哥伦比亚限制黑鳕鱼的养殖,而其他地区却不限制。研究结果表明:在不列颠哥伦比亚采用落后的水产养殖模式,可能获得较低的养殖利润。然而,当生产增长到期望的养殖水平时,黑鳕鱼的养殖利润将迅速下降。如果不列颠哥伦比亚野生黑鳕鱼的溢价控制在20%～25%以上,养殖禁令可能对该省和加拿大是有利的。     

生态旅游的负外部性分析

旅游经济迅速发展的今天,越来越多的人崇尚回归自然从而引发了生态旅游的兴起。作为公有资源的生态旅游产品具有竞争性而没有排他性,使得生态旅游的发展具有典型的负外部性特征。本文由生态旅游的概念出发,从现代经济学的视角,运用外部性理论分析了生态旅游经营者在经营中和旅游者的消费过程中产生的负外部性,并对生态旅游负外部性控制的成本收益进行了定性的经济分析。在此基础上,提出了负外部性内在化的一些经济途径,以期为政府和旅游企业提供生态旅游可持续发展的若干启示。     

生猪规模化养殖与生态保护适度性研究

 生猪规模化养殖是中国目前生猪养殖的主要方式及发展趋势,规模化养殖会带来生猪产量提高及养殖成本下降,但同时也会造成环境污染和破坏。论文主要从生猪养殖规模发展现状、生猪规模化养殖负外部性以及解决对策三个方面进行了综述,并进行了简单评述,指出了生猪规模化养殖今后的重点研究方向。     

农村小产权房交易负外部性的法律控制——以民生利益为探究视角

以民生利益为探究视角，对小产权房问题进行了理性分析，阐述了小产权房交易的负外部性，并从法学视角探求了制约小产权房负外部性的方法。     

耕地利用生态社会效益测算方法及其应用

耕地利用生态社会效益测算是耕地保护经济补偿标准确定的依据。该文首先基于耕地利用过程中的生态系统服务功能重构了耕地利用效益体系,并对其内涵进行了界定和分析。然后以河南省焦作市为研究区域,选取2000、2002、2004和2006年4期数据,运用当量因子法和替代成本法测算了各年耕地利用的生态社会效益理论值。在此基础上,引入社会发展阶段系数测度了不同质量级别单位面积耕地的生态社会效益现实值。研究结果表明：2000、2002、2004和2006年,焦作市耕地利用的生态社会效益理论值分别为10 699.3、10 830.9、14 186.2和15 542.3元/hm2,表明耕地利用的生态社会效益随社会经济发展水平提高和耕地资源的稀缺性增强而增加;耕地利用社会效益占生态社会效益比重从2000年的42.99%上升到2006年的48.41%,尤其是粮食安全效益比重上升更为明显,表明粮食安全效益和社会保障效益的重要性将日趋凸现,同时也表明以往忽视社会效益单纯的耕地生态效益补偿研究是片面的;基于耕地质量水平和社会发展水平的修正,焦作市2006年耕地生态社会效益的现实值从最低级别的4 653.2元/hm2上升到最高级别的9 333.6元/hm2,表明单位面积耕地生态社会效益现实值的高低与其质量高低和区域支付意愿大小密切相关。通过对焦作市耕地利用生态社会效益理论值与现实值的测算,为焦作市构建具有动态性和可调性的耕地保护经济补偿标准和补偿体系提供了理论 依据。     

高校图书馆读者间文献资源共享的外部性分析

从经济学的角度来讲,读者间文献资源共享属于正外部性问题。高校图书馆利用自身服务平台优势,整合读者个人的文献资源开展共享服务,不仅能节约部分文献购置经费,提高文献资源利用效率,而且为更高效、快捷的满足读者对文献资源个性化、多样化的要求创造了条件。然而,由于共享资源的公共物品属性及缺乏有效的激励机制,使读者间资源共享难以为继。通过建立以图书馆为媒介的网络信息平台,并采取有效的激励机制将会更好的促进读者间文献资源共享的发展。     

Agglomeration externalities and technical efficiency: An empirical application to the pond aquaculture of Pangas and Tilapia in Bangladesh

This article analyzes the effects of agglomeration externalities on productivity and efficiency by applying a stochastic production frontier model with a technical inefficiency model to the aquaculture industry. Agglomeration externalities refer to the costs and benefits to firms from clustering. Agglomeration studies within aquaculture have focused on the intensive salmon industry, whereas this study focuses on low-technology, extensive pond aquaculture, representing most farmers in the developing world and using Bangladesh as an empirical case. The results show that there is a positive externality effect of regional industry size on the production possibility frontier and a negative effect on technical efficiency. Farm density enhances efficiency and the farm proximity to output markets decreases efficiency. Thus, policies aimed at increasing aquaculture pond production in developing countries should consider farm locations and their access to input and output markets, all of which affect farm productivity and efficiency.