切割取样对胚胎发育的影响

体视显微镜下,采用徒手持金属刀片和自制的玻璃切割针分别对小鼠和牛胚胎进行切割取样,并对取样后的胚胎进行体外培养48h,其发育率分别为76.7%(46/60)和80%(16/20),两者差异不显著(P>0.05);奶牛新鲜胚胎切割取样后,胚胎移植妊娠率47.1%(8/17),比对照组妊娠率59.0%(23/39)差异显著(P<0.05)。冷冻-解冻胚胎切割取样后移植妊娠率42.9%(6/17)虽然也比对照组50%低,但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

PGF2αeCG及hCG 3种生殖激素联用对母犬发情、卵泡发育及胚胎着床的影响

给休情期性成熟母犬肌注 PGF2α(0 .5 m g/ kg) ,2 4 h后肌注 e CG(5 0 IU/ kg) ,再经 12 0 h后肌注 h CG(2 0 U/ kg) ,诱导其发情。将诱导发情的母犬与公犬交配 ,于交配后 16 d,摘取卵巢、子宫 ,观察其卵泡发育和胚胎着床情况。结果表明 ,药物处理可明显促使母犬提前结束休情期而进入发情期 (9/ 10 ) ,促进卵巢内卵泡发育 (P<0 .0 1) ,并使更多的胚胎着床 ,每只母犬子宫胚胎着床点为 (17.4± 2 .2 )个 ,提示 3种生殖激素联合应用可提高母犬繁殖率     

Based serum metabolomics analysis reveals simultaneous interconnecting changes during chicken embryonic development

Metabolic disorder is a major health problem and is associated with a number of metabolic diseases. Due to native hyperglycaemia and resistance to exogenous insulin, chickens as a model had used in the studies of adipose tissue biology, metabolism and obesity. But no detailed information is available about the comprehensive changes of serum metabolites at different stages of chicken embryonic development. This study employed LC/MS‐QTOF to determine the changes of major functional metabolites at incubation day 14 (E14d), 19 (E19d) and hatching day 1 (H1d), and the associated pathways of differential metabolites during chicken embryonic development were analysed using Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis method. Results showed that 39 metabolites were significantly changed from E14d to E19d and 68 metabolites were significantly altered from E19d to H1d in chicken embryos. Protein synthesis was promoted by increasing the concentrations of L‐glutamine and threonine, and gonadal development was promoted through increasing oestrone content from E14d to E19d in chicken embryos, which indicated that serum glutamine, threonine and oestrone contents may be considered as the candidate indicators for assessment of early embryonic development. 2‐oxoglutaric acid mainly contributed to enhancing the citric cycle, and it plays an important role in improving the growth of chicken embryos at the late development; the decreasing of L‐glutamine, L‐isoleucine and L‐leucine contents from E19d to H1d in chicken embryonic development implied their possible functions as the feed additive during early posthatch period of broiler chickens to satisfy the growth. These results provided insights into understand the roles of serum metabolites at different developmental stages of chicken embryos, it also provides available information for chicken as a model to study metabolic disease or human obesity.     

Effects of Donor Cells Treated with Egg Extracts on the Development Competence of Cloned Embryos

Japanese Balck cattle fetal fibroblasts (JBCFF) were induced with Xenopus leavis egg extracts and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was carried out with the reprogrammed JBCFF as donor cells in order to investigate their effects on SCNT efficiency.Three samples of egg extracts were acquired from different Xenopus laevis.The protein contents and kinds in extracts were evaluated with BCA Protein Quantification Kit and SDS-PAGE.Concentration of Digitonin to permeabilize JBCFF was optimized and assessed with PI staining.Reprogrammed cells treated with egg extract were used as donor in SCNT.Additionally the reconstructed embryos were activated with ionomycin+6-DMAP and A23187+6-DMAP to compare their effects on the development competence.The protein contents of extracts samples were 56.2255,64.6570 and 71.2158 μg/mL,respectively,the each extract had the same composition about 40-55 and 70-100 ku.The optimal concentration of Digitonin was 7 μg/mL and the permeabilization rate was 55.44%.After extracts treatment and continuous culture for 6-7 d,JBCFF formed well-defined colony structures.No significant composition difference was found in rates of fusion (92.83% vs 96.04%),cleavage (89.64% vs 89.78%) and blastocyst formation (24.06% vs 23.12%) of cloned embryos when the colony cells and JBCFF without extracts treatment were used as donor cells (P>0.05).Similarly,the two activation methods had no significant effect on the developmental competence of cloned embryos (cleavage rate 92.16% vs 92.28%,blastocyst rate 23.21% vs 24.18%).Conclusively,Xenopus leavis,egg extracts could induce JBCFF reprogramming to a low differentiated state.However donor cells with reprogramming partially could not improve the development of cloned embryos and its mechanism requires further research.     

水牛胚胎体外生产研究综述

近年来采用其它家畜上的程序来进行水牛体外胚胎生产（in vitro production,IVP）引起了越来越多的关注。水牛胚胎体外生产已获得了较高的卵母细胞成熟率、受精率和卵裂率,但囊胚发育率和体外胚的移植成功率仍较低,水牛IVP胚胎体外生产效率比黄牛低得多。在IVP技术应用于水牛生产育种之前,还有一些问题必须解决。本文对水牛胚胎体外生产的不同技术,包括未成熟卵母细胞的体外培养成熟和受精以及胚胎体外培养卵裂发育至囊胚等进行综述。文章还讨论了胚胎体外生产存在的问题及可能的解决方案。     

Effect of ABA,arginine and sucrose on protein content of date palm somatic embryos

Abscisic acid (ABA), arginine and sucrose were evaluated for their effects on the morphology, germination rates and protein content of date palm somatic embryos (SE). Different concentrations of these supplements in the culture medium were used. The comparative study of SE length and thickness between treated and untreated SE revealed no differences, except for ABA (20 μM), which increased thickness. A decrease of water content (WC) in favor of an increase in dry weight (DW) was observed in all treated SE, especially with sucrose (90 g l⁻¹) and ABA (20 μM). Only ABA (20 and 4 μM) caused a proliferation rate of the cultures higher than those in the control. Although all the tested compounds increased protein content, ABA (20 μM) was more effective in protein enrichment than arginine and sucrose treatments. The SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed a significant difference between treated and untreated SE. A protein band of 22 kDa, identified as glutelin in a previous work, was accumulated after treatment with 20 μM ABA or 3 mM arginine. These findings may contribute to further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of specific storage proteins in several plants.     

Egg quality determination based on the shape of the lipid vesicle in common dentex, Dentex dentex

The shape of the lipid vesicle (the ratio between the maximal and the minimal diameter and the shape coefficient) of the eggs of Diplodus puntazzo and Sparus aurata is correlated with larval survival rate (%) and can be used as an egg quality marker as reported previously by Lahnsteiner and Patarnello (2005) . In the present study, this method for egg quality determination has also been validated for common dentex, Dentex dentex, after introducing several modifications in the calculation and evaluation procedure in order to obtain higher sensitivity. In the present study, it could be demonstrated that the shape of the lipid vesicle is not only correlated with the hatching rate but also with the survival rate of 1, 2 and 3 days post hatch larvae and therefore it can also be used as an indicator of larval viability at early stages of development.     

牛体外受精卵的二步法培养体系的研究

以CR1aa为基础培养液,采用二步法对牛体外受精卵进行体外培养,完善牛体外受精卵的培养体系.实验一:对照组连续7 d均为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS培养,处理组前3 d为CR1aa 3 mg/mLBSA培养,后4 d换为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS.处理组的囊胚率显著高于对照组,但卵裂率和囊胚孵化率无显著差异.实验二:对照组连续7 d均为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS培养,处理组前3 d为CR1aa培养,后4 d换为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS.处理组的卵裂率显著高于对照组,但囊胚率和囊胚孵化率差异不显著.实验三:对照组连续7 d均为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS 0.1mmol/L GSH培养,处理组前3 d为CR1aa 0.1 mmol/L GSH培养,后4 d换为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS 0.1 mmol/L GSH.处理组的卵裂率显著高于对照组,囊胚率极显著高于对照组,但囊胚孵化率差异不显著.结果表明,GSH与二步法培养系统结合相对于传统的一步法培养系统更适于牛体外受精卵的体外培养.     

现行牛IVF程序在水牛体外受精的应用研究

本研究对我所现行的牛体外受精程序 ( IVF)应用于水牛体外受精的可行性进行了探讨。结果表明 ,水牛卵巢生长卵泡少 ,平均仅可回收 5枚卵母细胞 ,只相当于黄牛 ( 14.3个 )的1/ 3。水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟率为 51.7% ,体外受精卵裂率为 58.7% ,均极显著地低于黄牛(分别为 87.3%和 69.6% ,P<0 .0 1)。水牛卵母细胞经体外受精后 ,早期胚胎的体外发育速度较黄牛快 ,体外受精后的第 6d囊胚发育率占 36.4 % ,累计到第 7d时占 80 .7% ,极显著地高于黄牛 ( 57.6% ,P<0 .0 0 1)。水牛早期胚胎的体外囊胚发育率为 31.5% ,与黄牛的 ( 39.2 % )差异不显著 ;孵化囊胚率为 73.8% ,也与黄牛的相仿。实验结果表明 ,我所现行的牛 IVF程序应用于水牛的体外受精研究是有效、可行的 ,特别是早期胚胎的体外培养系统 ,已接近于黄牛的水平。但尚需设法提高水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟培养效果 ,以提高水牛体外受精的整体效率     

中药有效成分对小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育的作用

如何获得更多具有活力的可操作的桑椹胚、囊胚一直是胚胎体外培养的研究热点。近二十年来,虽经采用改进培养液成分、改善培养条件、建立体细胞与胚胎共培养体系和添加生长因子、细胞因子等手段,胚胎质量有所提高,但体外受精卵的囊胚发育率仍远低于体内受精,与体内受精囊胚相比,体外受精囊胚的细胞总数和内细胞团细胞数量明显减少,胚胎移植妊娠率和产仔率较低,这些问题均严重影响了胚胎工厂化生产和胚胎产业化的发展,以及育种工作的进程。因此,探索开辟胚胎体外培养生长发育的新途径,提高其发育率和移植妊娠率显得尤为必要。目前,国内外有关中草药有效成分对体外胚胎发育作用的研究甚少。本研究以ICR小鼠2-细胞胚胎为试验材料,将中药有效成分黄芩苷(Baicalin,Bai)、川芎嗪(Ligustrazine,Lig)和小檗碱(Berberine,BR)添加于mCZB基础液中,并以添加双抗的mCZB基础液为试验对照组,比较其对胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明,体外培养120 h的胚胎孵化率,Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)及BR组(75.9%)极显著高于对照组(51.8%)(P<0.01)。孵化胚胎细胞计数,BR组、Lig组和Bai组(分别为87.2±8.6、83.9±7.7和81.9±6.2),与对照组(77.4±5.6)差异极显著(P<0.01)。说明3种中药有效成分均能显著促进小鼠早期胚胎的体外发育及胚胎细胞增殖。为进一步探讨Bai、Lig、BR对胚胎体外培养发育的效果和验证其胚胎质量,将不同组别培养至桑椹、囊胚期的胚胎进行两种程序常规冷冻,解冻后继续培养,观察其冷冻效果,并将各组解冻后发育至囊胚期胚胎移植。结果表明:冷冻解冻桑椹胚体外培养8~14 h囊胚发育率,程序一中Bai组(65.8%)和Lig组(81.1%)分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)地高于对照组(48.6%)和BR组(46.7%);程序二中Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)极显著高于对照组(55.2%)和BR组(47.6%)(P<0.01)。冷冻解冻囊胚体外培养6~8 h囊胚发育率,程序一中各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);程序二中,中药有效成分各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两种冷冻程序效果差异不显著(P>0.05)。移植妊娠率和产仔率,Bai组(56.3%,63.3%)、Lig组(52.6%,67.3%)和BR组(55.0%,60.5%)均高于对照组(46.2%,52.8%)。说明3种中药有效成分对于提高小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育质量具有一定促进作用,并有利于提高冷冻解冻后移植胚胎的发育潜力。